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Female education is a catch-all term for a complex set of issues and debates surrounding education (primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, and health education in particular) for girls and women.[1][2] It is frequently called girls' education or women's education. It includes areas of gender equality and access to education. The education of women and girls is important for the alleviation of poverty.[3] Broader related topics include single-sex education and religious education for women, in which education is divided along gender lines.
Inequalities in education for girls and women are complex:[4] women and girls face explicit barriers to entry to school, for example, violence against women or prohibitions of girls from going to school, while other problems are more systematic and less explicit, for example, science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education disparities are deep rooted, even in Europe and North America.[5] In some Western countries, women have surpassed men at many levels of education. For example, in the United States in 2005/2006, women earned 62% of associate degrees, 58% of bachelor's degrees, 60% of master's degrees, and 50% of doctorates.[6]
Improving girls' educational levels has been demonstrated to have clear impacts on the health and economic future of young women, which in turn improves the prospects of their entire community.[7] The infant mortality rate of babies whose mothers have received primary education is half that of children whose mothers are illiterate.[8] In the poorest countries of the world, 50% of girls do not attend secondary school.[9][10][11][12][13] Yet, research shows that every extra year of school for girls increases their lifetime income by 15%. Improving female education, and thus the earning potential of women, improves the standard of living for their own children, as women invest more of their income in their families than men do.[14] Yet, many barriers to education for girls remain. In some African countries, such as Burkina Faso, girls are unlikely to attend school for such basic reasons as a lack of private latrine facilities for girls.[15]
Education increases a woman's (and her partner's and the family's) level of health and health awareness.[16][17][18] Furthering women's levels of education and advanced training also tends to delay the initiation of sexual activity, first marriage, and first childbirth.[19][20] Moreover, more education increases the likelihood of remaining single, having no children, or having no formal marriage while increasing levels of long-term partnerships.[21][22] Women's education is important for women's health as well, increasing contraceptive use while lowering sexually transmitted infections, and increasing the level of resources available to women who divorce or are in a situation of domestic violence.[23] Education also improves women's communication with partners and employers and their rates of civic participation.[24][25]
Because of the wide-reaching effects of female education on society, alleviating inequalities in education for women is highlighted in Sustainable Development Goal 4 "Quality Education for All", and deeply connected to Sustainable Development Goal 5 "Gender Equality". Education of girls (and empowerment of women in general) in developing countries leads to faster development and a faster decrease of population growth, thus playing a significant role in addressing environmental issues such as climate change mitigation.[13][26] Project Drawdown estimates that educating girls is the sixth most efficient action against climate change (ahead of solar farms and nuclear power).[27]
^Усамов, И.Р. (2019-12-18). "Digital Transformation of Education: Challenges and Prospects". Вестник ГГНТУ. Гуманитарные и социально-экономические науки. 3 (17). doi:10.34708/gstou.2019.17.3.021. ISSN 2686-9721. S2CID 242230851.
^Osler, Audrey; Vincent, Kerry (2003-12-16). Girls and Exclusion. doi:10.4324/9780203465202. ISBN 9781134412839.
^Osman, Abdal Monium Khidir (November 2002). "Challenges for integrating gender into poverty alleviation programmes: Lessons from Sudan". Gender & Development. 10 (3): 22–30. doi:10.1080/13552070215922. ISSN 1355-2074. S2CID 71270250.
^Dekkers, Hetty P.J.M.; Bosker, Roel J.; Driessen, Geert W.J.M. (March 2000). "Complex Inequalities of Educational Opportunities. A Large-Scale Longitudinal Study on the Relation Between Gender, Social Class, Ethnicity and School Success". Educational Research and Evaluation. 6 (1): 59–82. doi:10.1076/1380-3611(200003)6:1;1-i;ft059. ISSN 1380-3611. S2CID 144400482.
^Cracking the code: girls' and women's education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Paris: UNESCO. 2017. ISBN 9789231002335.
^"Historical summary of faculty, students, degrees, and finances in degree-granting institutions: Selected years, 1869-70 through 2005-06". Nces.ed.gov. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
^"CAMFED USA: What we do". CAMFED. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
^"Girls Education:A lifeline to development". 1995. Archived from the original on 2021-04-25. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
^Filmer, Deon (2007-06-29). "If you build it, will they come? School availability and school enrolment in 21 poor countries". The Journal of Development Studies. 43 (5): 901–928. doi:10.1080/00220380701384588. ISSN 0022-0388. S2CID 216140496.
^Herz, Barbara; Subbarao, K.; Habib, Masooma; Raney, Laura (1991-09-30). "Letting girls learn". World Bank Discussion Papers. doi:10.1596/0-8213-1937-x. ISBN 978-0-8213-1937-6. ISSN 0259-210X.
^Paudel, Ramesh C. (2019-12-31). "Collier, P. (2008). The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can be Done About It, Oxford University Press, USA". Economic Journal of Nepal. 42 (3–4): 79–82. doi:10.3126/ejon.v42i3-4.36039. ISSN 1018-631X. S2CID 242154293.
^"What Have We Learned About Moral Courage in Organizations?", Moral Courage in Organizations: Doing the Right Thing at Work, Routledge, pp. 235–240, 2015-03-26, doi:10.4324/9781315702285-28, ISBN 978-1-315-70228-5, retrieved 2023-03-25
^ abGrimm, Wolfram (November 2006). "What Is Evidence-Based, What Is New in Medical Therapy of Acute Heart Failure?". Herz Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen. 31 (8): 771–779. doi:10.1007/s00059-006-2910-y. ISSN 0340-9937. PMID 17149679. S2CID 38811473.
^"Plan Overseas - Why Girls?". Plan Canada. Archived from the original on November 13, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
^"Plan Overseas - Education Girl-friendly schools see enrollment rates soar in Burkina Faso". Plan Canada. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
^Chandra, Anjani; Martinez, Gladys M.; Mosher, William D.; Abma, Joyce C.; Jones, Jo (2005). "Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of U.S. women: Data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth". PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e414702008-001. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
^"Kakkar, Baron, (Ajay Kumar Kakkar) (born 28 April 1964)", Who's Who, Oxford University Press, 2010-12-01, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u251313, retrieved 2023-03-25
^Ross, Catherine E.; Mirowsky, John; Goldsteen, Karen (November 1990). "The Impact of the Family on Health: The Decade in Review". Journal of Marriage and the Family. 52 (4): 1059. doi:10.2307/353319. ISSN 0022-2445. JSTOR 353319. S2CID 29506270.
^Miller, Brent C.; Moore, Kristin A. (November 1990). "Adolescent Sexual Behavior, Pregnancy, and Parenting: Research through the 1980s". Journal of Marriage and the Family. 52 (4): 1025. doi:10.2307/353317. ISSN 0022-2445. JSTOR 353317.
^Bongaarts, John; Rindfuss, Ronald R.; Morgan, S. Philip; Swicegood, Gray (December 1988). "First Births in America: Changes in the Timing of Parenthood". Population and Development Review. 14 (4): 747. doi:10.2307/1973641. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973641.
^Harrison, Abigail; O’Sullivan, Lucia F. (2010-03-31). "In the Absence of Marriage: Long-Term Concurrent Partnerships, Pregnancy, and HIV Risk Dynamics Among South African Young Adults". AIDS and Behavior. 14 (5): 991–1000. doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9687-y. ISSN 1090-7165. PMC 3848496. PMID 20354777.
^Kuperberg, Arielle (2014-03-04). "Age at Coresidence, Premarital Cohabitation, and Marriage Dissolution: 1985-2009". Journal of Marriage and Family. 76 (2): 352–369. doi:10.1111/jomf.12092. ISSN 0022-2445.
^Leke, Robert J. I.; Oduma, Jemimah A.; Bassol-Mayagoitia, Susana; Bacha, Angela Maria; Grigor, Kenneth M. (July 1993). "Regional and Geographical Variations in Infertility: Effects of Environmental, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Factors". Environmental Health Perspectives. 101 (Suppl 2): 73–80. doi:10.2307/3431379. ISSN 0091-6765. JSTOR 3431379. PMC 1519926. PMID 8243409.
^Farzaneh Roudi-Fahimi; Valentine M. Moghadam. "Empowering Women, Developing Society: Female Education in the Middle East and North Africa". Population Reference Bureau. Archived from the original on 2011-10-25. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
^Population, Education and Development(PDF). United Nations. 2003. ISBN 978-92-1-151382-0. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Femaleeducation is a catch-all term for a complex set of issues and debates surrounding education (primary education, secondary education, tertiary education...
Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) According to a report in 2014, femaleeducation has an important impact on the development of a stable, prosperous...
An organism's sex is female (symbol: ♀) if it produces the ovum (egg cell), the type of gamete (sex cell) that fuses with the male gamete (sperm cell)...
impact of femaleeducation constitutes a significant area of research within international development. Increases in the amount of femaleeducation in regions...
Femaleeducation in STEM refers to child and adult female representation in the educational fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics...
gender equality in education and the intrinsic dimension of femaleeducation; which in essence derives from the role of education in enhancing a woman's...
discriminated against in terms of education; they face harsher barriers when trying to gain an education and it has left the female population disenfranchised...
Camfed (also known as the Campaign for FemaleEducation) is an international non-governmental, non-profit organization founded in 1993 whose mission is...
imposed on femaleeducation were more lenient. After the 16th century, however, female scholars became fewer. In the modern era, while female activists...
to receive higher education. Today, more than half of Japanese women are college or university graduates. The proportion of female researchers in Japan...
the chief barriers to femaleeducation in India are inadequate school facilities (such as sanitary facilities), shortage of female teachers and gender bias...
rights Education Educational equity Educational technology Femaleeducation Free education Freedom of education History of childhood care and education Lifelong...
in education before 2025. In Qatar, the first school was built in 1956 after a fatwa that states that the Qur'an did not forbid femaleeducation. Over...
public education and state schools. The education system is divided into Kindergarten, Primary education, Secondary education, and Tertiary education. Nigeria's...
families exerted over women. King Amanullah stressed the importance of femaleeducation. Along with encouraging families to send their daughters to school...
1970, Sultan Qaboos introduced the universal education policy for both men and women, increasing female attendance in schools from 0% in 1970 to 49% in...
organization, Gender and Development for Cambodia, stated that 6% of the female workforce in Cambodia is paid. According to a World Bank report[citation...
The Society for Promotion of FemaleEducation in the East was a British Protestant Christian missionary society that was involved in sending workers to...
disparity in access to education. The average annual growth rate of enrollment in all levels education was 27.2 percent for females and 33.7 percent for...
1987, there were about 262,500 female students in higher education. Although more women had access to higher education compared to the past, only 16%...
disparity between male and femaleeducation in Ghana was again reflected in the 1984 national census. Although the ratio of male to female registration in elementary...
been successfully undertaken to promote female literacy, there is still a gender gap in secondary education. There is also widespread occurrence of child...
controversy about the amount of athletic integration, especially among femaleeducation leaders who worried about girls being injured or bullied by rough boys...