In fluid mechanics, external flow is a flow that boundary layers develop freely, without constraints imposed by adjacent surfaces.[1][2] It can be defined as the flow of a fluid around a body that is completely submerged in it. Examples include fluid motion over a flat plate (inclined or parallel to the free stream velocity) and flow over curved surfaces such as a sphere, cylinder, airfoil, or turbine blade, water flowing around submarines, and air flowing around a truck;[3] a 2000 paper analyzing the latter used computational fluid dynamics to model the three-dimensional flow structure and pressure distribution on the external surface of the truck.[3] In a 2008 paper, external flow was said to be "arguably is the most common and best studied case in soft matter systems.[4]
The term can also be used simply to describe flow in any body of fluid external to the system under consideration.[5][6]
In external co-flow, fluid in the external region occurs in the same direction as flow within the system of interest; this contrasts with external counterflow.[1]
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mechanics, externalflow is a flow that boundary layers develop freely, without constraints imposed by adjacent surfaces. It can be defined as the flow of a...
for internal flow and forced convection for externalflow. These empirical correlations are presented for their particular geometry and flow conditions...
machines (for instance, internal combustion engines and gas turbines). The externalflow over all kinds of vehicles such as cars, airplanes, ships, and submarines...
rather than perpendicular to the flow. However, an important class of compressible flows, including the externalflow over bodies traveling at high speed...
In economics, an externality or external cost is an indirect cost or benefit to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party's...
performance of an investment portfolio in the presence of externalflows. (Externalflows are movements of value such as transfers of cash, securities...
(/miːˈeɪtəs/, mee-AY-təs; pl.: meatus or meatuses), also known as the external urethral orifice, is the opening where urine exits the male and female...
external surfaces, such as flow past objects suspended in the fluid, other definitions for Reynolds numbers can be used to predict the type of flow around...
models to optimize the design of equipment and processes. This includes externalflow such as around buildings, vehicles, people, or hydraulic structures...
concentrated within the pipe (similarly to rocket or jet engines). Externalflow when the fluid is accelerated around the whole wetted area of the vehicle...
within that control volume will be due to the net flow of momentum into the volume and the action of external forces acting on the fluid within the volume...
involves capital flows. Balance of payments Current account (balance of payments) Capital account Foreign direct investment External debt Exchange rate...
mechanisms that can alter the flow of control in a way similar to a subroutine, but usually occur as a response to some external stimulus or event (that can...
Automotive wind tunnels fall into two categories: Externalflow tunnels are used to study the externalflow through the chassis Climatic tunnels are used...
calculate returns gross of fees, compensate for them by treating them as an externalflow, and exclude accrued fees from valuations. Like the time-weighted return...
push a current through the external circuit is exactly balanced by a counter-electromotive force so that no current flows. If this counter-electromotive...
/ˈfruːd/) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of the flow inertia to the external force field (the latter in many applications simply due to gravity)...
measuring historical investment portfolio performance, compensating for externalflows into/out of the portfolio during the period. The formula for the simple...
The circular flow of income or circular flow is a model of the economy in which the major exchanges are represented as flows of money, goods and services...
The Space Shuttle external tank (ET) was the component of the Space Shuttle launch vehicle that contained the liquid hydrogen fuel and liquid oxygen oxidizer...
point flow refers to a fluid flow in the neighbourhood of a stagnation point (in three-dimensional flows) or a stagnation line (in two-dimensional flows) with...
transfer (e.g., internal or externalflow), type of fluid, geometry of the system, flow regime (e.g., laminar or turbulent flow), boundary condition, etc...
traffic flow approach, the marginal cost of the trip can be expressed as sum of the cost (delay time, w) experienced by the driver and the externality (e)...
membrane. Ion transfer inside the cell (accompanied by flow of electric current through an external circuit) occurs through the membrane while both liquids...
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