Global InformationEvolution of the Sacbrood Virus information
The evolution of the Sacbrood virus (SBV) is characterized by the genomic changes that have occurred in SBV since its initial discovery in 1913, which have enabled the virus to continuously infect a wide array of honeybee colonies.[1] SBV is single stranded RNA virus (genus: Iflavirus) that most commonly infects honeybee larvae, and is known to wipe out entire honeybee colonies quickly.[2] Due to SBV, there has been sharp declines in honey bee populations in Europe, as well as a 30% decline each year in U.S. colonies.[3][4] Studies on the evolution of SBV have arisen in hopes to stop these colony devastations.[4] SBV is one of the most widely studied honeybee viruses in terms of genomic analysis, leading to it having the highest number of complete genomes isolated compared to any other viruses known to honeybees.[3] Through these genome studies, it has been found that there are two distinct lineages of SBV, each characterized by a high mutation rate, leading to multiple subtypes in both lineages.[3] In studying how these lineages have evolved through time, new discoveries in their pathogenicity and different honeybee resistance mechanisms have been unveiled.[5]
- ^ Allen, Mark; Ball, Brenda (1996). "The incidence and world distribution of honey bee viruses". Bee World. 77 (3): 141–162. doi:10.1080/0005772x.1996.11099306. ISSN 0005-772X.
- ^ Procházková, Michaela; Füzik, Tibor; Škubník, Karel; Moravcová, Jana; Ubiparip, Zorica; Přidal, Antonín; Plevka, Pavel (2018-07-24). "Virion structure and genome delivery mechanism of sacbrood honeybee virus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (30): 7759–7764. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.7759P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1722018115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6065027. PMID 29987012.
- ^ a b c Li, Jianghong; Wang, Tingyun; Evans, Jay; Rose, Robyn; Zhao, Yazhou; Li, Zhiguo; Li, Jilian; Huang, Shaokang; Heerman, Matthew; Rodríguez-García, Cristina; Banmeke, Olubukola (2019-01-14). "The Phylogeny and Pathogenesis of Sacbrood Virus (SBV) Infection in European Honey Bees, Apis mellifera". Viruses. 11 (1): 61. doi:10.3390/v11010061. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 6357158. PMID 30646581.
- ^ a b Kulhanek, Kelly; Steinhauer, Nathalie; Rennich, Karen; Caron, Dewey M.; Sagili, Ramesh R.; Pettis, Jeff S.; Ellis, James D.; Wilson, Michael E.; Wilkes, James T.; Tarpy, David R.; Rose, Robyn (2017-08-08). "A national survey of managed honey bee 2015–2016 annual colony losses in the USA". Journal of Apicultural Research. 56 (4): 328–340. Bibcode:2017JApiR..56..328K. doi:10.1080/00218839.2017.1344496. hdl:11299/182450. ISSN 0021-8839. S2CID 91776045.
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