Right-wing[10][11] to far-right[4][12][13][14][15]
European parties
Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom
From
15 June 2015
To
13 June 2019
Succeeded by
Identity and Democracy
Chaired by
Nicolas Bay Marcel de Graaff
Website
enf.eu
Europe of Nations and Freedom (ENF; French: Europe des nations et des libertés, ENL) was a far-right[16][17][18][19] political group in the European Parliament launched on 15 June 2015. The group was the smallest within the European Parliament during the eighth European Parliament term with 37 members. The largest faction in the group was the French National Rally with 17 MEPs. Twenty-eight members were part of the Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom (MENF), with the remaining nine MEPs being their ideological allies. The ENF was the parliamentary group of the Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom although some MEPs were without any European affiliations.
The group was replaced for the ninth European Parliament on 13 June 2019 by the Identity and Democracy group.[20]
^"Le Pen finds common cause with Europe's nationalists". BBC News. 16 June 2015.
^"EU Parliament: Liberal ALDE group rebrands as 'Renew Europe". Euronews. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
^Heijmans, Philip; de Goeij, Hana (16 December 2017). "European Far-Right Leaders, Meeting to Condemn the E.U., Are Greeted With Boos". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
^ abAlan Siaroff (2019). Comparative European Party Systems: An Analysis of Parliamentary Elections Since 1945. Taylor & Francis. p. 469. ISBN 978-1-317-49876-6.
^Tobias Gerhard Schminke. "Instabile Rechtsfraktion im EU-Parlament – Treffpunkt Europa | europäisch, politisch, kritisch". Treffpunkteuropa.de. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^Europe’s right-wing populist leaders to confer in Germany. The Washington Post. Published 19 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
^"Building blocs: EU leaders make post-election deals for top jobs". Al Jazeera. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
^"France's Le Pen announces far-right bloc of anti-EU MEPs". BBC News. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
^Canepa, Francesco (16 February 2018). "Soros lobbies ECB for more euro zone integration, draws criticism". Reuters. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
^EU's right-wing ENF faction unites to fight for 'patriotism, sovereignty and identity'. Deutsche Welle. Published 21 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
^Europe’s top rightwing politicians gather in Koblenz. Financial Times. Published 21 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
^"France's Le Pen announces far-right bloc of anti-EU MEPs". BBC News. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
^Samuel, Henry; Holehouse, Matthew (16 June 2015). "Marine Le Pen forms far-Right group in European Parliament". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
^Rettman, Andrew (15 June 2015). "Far-right parties form group in EU parliament". EU Observer. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
^"Far right MEPs form EU parliamentary group | The Parliament Magazine". Theparliamentmagazine.eu. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^"Far-right poised to double EU seats – DW – 03/09/2019". dw.com. 9 March 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^Norman, Ludvig (November 2017). "Defending the European political order: Visions of politics in response to the radical right". European Journal of Social Theory. 20 (4): 531–549. doi:10.1177/1368431016679670.
^Woertz, Eckart; Soler i Lecha, Eduard (27 May 2022). "Populism and Euro-Mediterranean cooperation: The Barcelona Process 25 years after". Mediterranean Politics. 27 (3): 273–296. doi:10.1080/13629395.2020.1799165.
^Oltermann, Philip (24 October 2017). "Austria's far-right Freedom party invited to enter coalition talks". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^Reuters Staff (13 June 2019). "France's Le Pen unveils new far-right European Parliament group" – via www.reuters.com. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
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