A horizontal espalierFree-standing espaliered fruit trees (step-over) at Standen, West Sussex. The trees are used to create a fruit border or low hedge.
Espalier (/ɪˈspælɪər/ or /ɪˈspæli.eɪ/) is the horticultural and ancient agricultural practice of controlling woody plant growth for the production of fruit, by pruning and tying branches to a frame. Plants are frequently shaped in formal patterns, flat against a structure such as a wall, fence, or trellis, and also plants which have been shaped in this way.[1]
Espaliers, trained into flat two-dimensional forms, are used not only for decorative purposes, but also for gardens in which space is limited. In a temperate climate, espaliers may be trained next to a wall that can reflect more sunlight and retain heat overnight or oriented so that they absorb maximum sunlight by training them parallel to the equator. These two strategies allow the season to be extended so that fruit has more time to mature.
A restricted form of training consists of a central stem and a number of paired horizontal branches all trained in the same plane. The most important advantage is that of being able to increase the growth of a branch by training it vertically. Later, one can decrease growth while increasing fruit production by training it horizontally.
^Evans, Erv, Espalier, North Carolina State University Horticultural Science Department Cooperative Extension Service, archived from the original on 2010-07-08, retrieved 2010-06-29
Espalier (/ɪˈspælɪər/ or /ɪˈspæli.eɪ/) is the horticultural and ancient agricultural practice of controlling woody plant growth for the production of fruit...
accessible for harvesting.[citation needed] Other shapes such as cordons, espaliers and fans offer opportunities for growing trees two dimensionally against...
artistic horticultural and agricultural practices, such as pleaching, bonsai, espalier, and topiary, and employing some similar techniques. Most artists use grafting...
labyrinths and mazes, animal and human forms, geometric shapes, and furniture. Espalier is the art and horticultural practice of training tree branches onto ornamental...
of coiling tendrils to attach themselves to pre-existing structures or espaliers is optimized by the installation of trellis netting. Gardeners can use...
Its outward-reaching side shoots can be pruned back to a pair of buds to espalier it flatter against its support. When pruned during flowering, the blooms...
level for the plant. The principle of apical dominance is manipulated for espalier creation, hedge building, or artistic sculptures called topiary. If the...
Building with both technical joints and plant growth. Breathing bridge Espalier: Old practice of training fruit trees into flat two-dimensional forms Fab...
walls, which were sometimes heated, also carried fruit trees trained as espaliers. Historically, and still in many parts of the world, nearly all urban...
size to suit a particular location. Acer palmatum can also be used as espalier.[citation needed] Over 1,000 cultivars have been chosen for particular...
species of Podocarpus are grown as garden trees, or trained into hedges, espaliers, or screens. In the novel Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton, Podocarpus...
of 1929). Her first published book was the 1925 poetry collection The Espalier, which was praised by A E Housman and Arthur Quiller-Couch. She was encouraged...
tree and are eaten the day of harvest. The peach tree can be grown in an espalier shape. The Baldassari palmette is a design created around 1950 used primarily...
trees pruned to four or six wide Y-shaped crotches, in the candelabra-form espalier called a palmette verrier, are planted at close intervals, about two metres...
begin training younger trees for pollarding or for trellising to form an espalier. Raising removes the lower branches from a tree in order to provide clearance...
varieties, but not where conditions are poor. Used for bush, cordon and espalier growing. Old stocks of Quince C may be infected with a virus, so care should...
can also be used as a landscape shrub and is suitable for hedging and espalier. The plant is vulnerable to frost, but often the plant will regrow by summer...
Chatsworth where he designed a series of buildings with "forcing frames" for espalier trees and for the cultivation of exotic plants such as highly prized pineapples...
0–5.5 m) in height by 8–12 feet (2.4–3.7 m) in width, suitable for an espalier. Fremontodendron is named for Major General John Charles Frémont (1813–90)...
and wildlife gardens, and in natural landscaping projects. It can be espaliered or trained on fences and trellising. When mature/established, the plant...
very northerly zone for a table grape, are based on the development of espalier vine-growing techniques on walls, and optimization of fruit ripening through...
(1889)) "The Soldier's Return" (Warner; from The Espalier (1925)) "The Scapegoat" (Warner; from The Espalier) Craggs, Stewart R. (28 January 2013). John Ireland:...
cultivated as ornamental trees for gardens and parks. They are also trained as espaliers on pergolas, for ceilings of pendant flowers in season. In its natural...
'Aureomaculatum'); very vigorous form to 10 ft. by 10 ft. but can be kept smaller/espaliered, has large green leaves splashed boldly with gold, narrow light orange...
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