Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in various stages
Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a disease that affects the central nervous system of horses. It is caused by a protozoal infection that is brought about by the apicomplexan parasites Sarcocystis neurona or Neospora hughesi. Most cases are caused by S. neurona. The lifecycle and transmission of N. hughesi is not well understood.[1] The parasites create lesions in both the brain and spinal cord of the affected horses leading to neurological issues.[2] Most horses infected with S. neurona do not exhibit neurological symptoms consistent with EPM.[citation needed]
^Reed, S.M.; Furr, M.; Howe, D.K.; Johnson, A.L.; MacKay, R.J.; Morrow, J.K.; Pusterla, N.; Witonsky, S. (March 2016). "Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: an updated consensus statement with a focus on parasite biology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 30 (2): 491–502. doi:10.1111/jvim.13834. ISSN 0891-6640. PMC 4913613. PMID 26857902.
^Dubey, J. P. (May 2022). "Sarcocystis neurona, Neospora spp. and Toxoplasma gondii infections in horses and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM): five decades of personal experience, perspectives and update". Parasitology. 149 (6): 717–728. doi:10.1017/S0031182021002055. ISSN 0031-1820. PMID 35260209.
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