Global InformationEnteroaggregative Escherichia coli information
| Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC or EAggEC) are a pathotype of Escherichia coli which cause acute and chronic diarrhea in both the developed and developing world.[1][2] They may also cause urinary tract infections.[2] EAEC are defined by their "stacked-brick" pattern of adhesion to the human laryngeal epithelial cell line HEp-2.[3] The pathogenesis of EAEC involves the aggregation of and adherence of the bacteria to the intestinal mucosa, where they elaborate enterotoxins and cytotoxins that damage host cells and induce inflammation that results in diarrhea.
EAEC is now recognized as an emerging enteric pathogen. In particular, EAEC are reported as the second most common cause of traveler's diarrhea, second only to Enterotoxigenic E. coli, and a common cause of diarrhea amongst pediatric populations.[4][5] It has also been associated with chronic infections in the latter, as well as in immunocompromised hosts, such as HIV-infected individuals.[6] Awareness of EAEC was increased by a serious outbreak in Germany during 2011, causing over 5000 cases and at least 50 fatalities. The pathogen responsible was found to be an EAEC O104:H4 strain which was lysogenized by a Shiga toxin encoding phage (typically associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, which often encode the adhesin intimin).[7][8] The putative cause of the outbreak were sprouted fenugreek seeds.[9]
Strains of EAEC are highly genetically heterogeneous, and the identification of virulence factors important for pathogenesis has proven difficult.[10] Many EAEC encode a transcriptional factor named aggR (aggregative regulator), part of the AraC family of transcription activators. AggR regulates many plasmid, as well chromosomally encoded, virulence factors, that include genes implicated in aggregative adherence fimbriae biogenesis and toxin production. Several toxins have been linked to EAEC virulence, including ShET1 (Shigella enterotoxin 1), Pet (plasmid‐encoded toxin), and EAST-1. However, further studies of these factors have failed to elucidate their role in pathogenesis.[11]
- ^ Nataro, J. P.; Mai, V.; Johnson, J.; Blackwelder, W. C.; Heimer, R.; Tirrell, S.; Edberg, S. C.; Braden, C. R.; Morris, J. G. (2006-08-15). "Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Infection in Baltimore, Maryland, and New Haven, Connecticut". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 43 (4): 402–407. doi:10.1086/505867. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 16838226.
- ^ a b Jensen, Betina Hebbelstrup; Olsen, Katharina E. P.; Struve, Carsten; Krogfelt, Karen Angeliki; Petersen, Andreas Munk (2014). "Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 27 (3): 614–630. doi:10.1128/CMR.00112-13. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 4135892. PMID 24982324.
- ^ Nataro, J. P.; Kaper, J. B.; Robins-Browne, R.; Prado, V.; Vial, P.; Levine, M. M. (1987-09-01). "Patterns of adherence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 6 (9): 829–831. doi:10.1097/00006454-198709000-00008. ISSN 0891-3668. PMID 3313248. Archived from the original on 2018-01-26. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
- ^ Huang, David B.; Mohanty, Alakananda; DuPont, Herbert L.; Okhuysen, Pablo C.; Chiang, Tom (2006-10-01). "A review of an emerging enteric pathogen: enteroaggregative Escherichia coli". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 55 (Pt 10): 1303–1311. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.46674-0. ISSN 0022-2615. PMID 17005776. S2CID 9536299.
- ^ Adachi JA, Jiang ZD, Mathewson JJ, Verenkar MP, Thompson S, Martinez-Sandoval F, Steffen R, Ericsson CD, DuPont HL (2001). "Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli as a Major Etiologic Agent in Traveler's Diarrhea in 3 Regions of the World" (PDF). Clin Infect Dis. 32 (12): 1706–9. doi:10.1086/320756. PMID 11360211. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
- ^ Huang, D. B.; et al. (2006). "A review of an emerging enteric pathogen: enteroaggregative Escherichia coli". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 55 (10): 1303–1311. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.46674-0. PMID 17005776. S2CID 9536299.
- ^ Kalita, Anjana; Hu, Jia; Torres, Alfredo G. (2014). "Recent advances in adherence and invasion of pathogenic Escherichia coli". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 27 (5): 459–464. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000092. ISSN 0951-7375. PMC 4169667. PMID 25023740.
- ^ Nadia Boisen; Angela R. Melton-Celsa; Flemming Scheutz; Alison D. O'Brien; James P. Nataro (2015). "Shiga toxin 2a and Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli—a deadly combination". Gut Microbes. 6 (4): 272–278. doi:10.1080/19490976.2015.1054591. PMC 4615819. PMID 26039753.
- ^ "Outbreak of Escherichia coli O104:H4 Infections Associated with Sprout Consumption — Europe and North America, May–July 2011". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Jenkins2018was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ruan, Xiaosai; Crupper, Scott S.; Schultz, Bruce D.; Robertson, Donald C.; Zhang, Weiping (2012-08-15). "Escherichia coli Expressing EAST1 Toxin Did Not Cause an Increase of cAMP or cGMP Levels in Cells, and No Diarrhea in 5-Day-Old Gnotobiotic Pigs". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e43203. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...743203R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043203. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3419656. PMID 22905235.