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Energy consumption by source, Turkey
Energy consumption per person in Turkey is similar to the world average,[1][2] and over 85 per cent is from fossil fuels.[3] From 1990 to 2017 annual primary energy supply tripled, but then remained constant to 2019.[2] In 2019, Turkey's primary energy supply included around 30 per cent oil, 30 per cent coal, and 25 per cent gas.[4] These fossil fuels contribute to Turkey's air pollution and its above average greenhouse gas emissions.[5][6] Turkey mines its own lignite (brown coal) but imports three-quarters of its energy, including half the coal and almost all the oil and gas it requires, and its energy policy prioritises reducing imports.[7]
The OECD has criticised the lack of carbon pricing,[8] fossil fuel subsidies[9] and the country's under-utilized wind and solar potential.[10] The country's electricity supplies 20% of its energy[11] and is generated mainly from coal, gas and hydroelectricity; with a small but growing amount from wind, solar and geothermal.[12] However, Black Sea gas is forecast to meet all residential demand from the late 2020s.[13] A nuclear power plant is also under construction, and one half of installed power capacity is renewable energy.[14] Despite this, from 1990 to 2019, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fuel combustion rose from 130 megatonnes (Mt) to 360 Mt.[15] In 2023 energy consumption was forecast to increase almost 40% in the following 12 years.[16]
Energy policy is to secure national energy supply[17] and reduce fossil fuel imports,[18] which accounted for over 20% of the cost of Turkey's imports in 2019,[19] and 75 per cent of the current account deficit.[20] This also includes using energy efficiently. However, as of 2019[update], little research has been done on the policies Turkey uses to reduce energy poverty, which also include some subsidies for home heating and electricity use.[21] Turkey's energy policies plan to give "due consideration to environmental concerns all along the energy chain", "within the context of sustainable development."[18] These plans have been criticised for being published over a year after work mentioned in it had started,[22][23] not sufficiently involving the private sector,[24] and for being inconsistent with Turkey's climate policy.[25]
^"Energy use per person". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
^ abCite error: The named reference :7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^OECD (2019).
^"Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) by source:Turkey". International Energy Agency. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
^"Who emits more than their share of CO₂ emissions?". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
^"Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions up 4.4% in 2016". Anadolu. Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
^IEA (March 2021). Turkey 2021 – Energy Policy Review (Technical report). International Energy Agency. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022.
^OECD (2019), p. 117.
^OECD (2019), pp. 115, 116.
^OECD (2019), p. 65.
^"Shura 2023 report" (PDF). Shura. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
^"Electricity generation by fuel: Turkey". IEA. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
^"Turkey sees up to 20 bcm annual natural gas output from Black Sea". Daily Sabah. 7 June 2021. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. "Turkey's International Energy Strategy". T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
^"CO2 emissions Turkey". IEA. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
^"Türkiye to increase energy investments with zero emission target". Hürriyet Daily News. 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
^Öztürk, Sinan (21 January 2020). "Turkey Wealth Fund eyes becoming strategic investment arm of the country". Daily Sabah. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
^ ab"Turkey's Energy Profile and Strategy". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey). Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
^Turkey, Sigma (30 March 2020). "Turkey's Energy Outlook – A Snapshot". Sigma Turkey. Archived from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
^"Energy pricing and non-market flows in Turkey's energy sector". SHURA Energy Transition Center. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
^Sonmez, Mustafa (19 December 2019). "Turkey's energy miscalculations have hefty cost". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
^"The hidden confessions in Turkey's strategic energy plan". www.duvarenglish.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
^"Türkiye'nin 2019-2023 Enerji Stratejisinde Enerji Dönüşümünün Yeri" [The role of Energy Transition in Turkey's 2019-2023 Energy Strategy]. epturkey (in Turkish). 15 May 2020. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2021. Türkiye Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı, 11 Mayıs 2020'de "Stratejik Plan 2019-2023" yayınladı [The Energy Ministry published the 2019-2023 strategic plan on 11 May 2020]
^"Turkey's foreign and security policy 'needs to support its energy goals'". Hürriyet. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^"Turkey 2018 Report" (PDF). European Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
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