Modification of consumer energy usage during peak hours
Energy demand management, also known as demand-side management (DSM) or demand-side response (DSR),[1] is the modification of consumer demand for energy through various methods such as financial incentives[2] and behavioral change through education.
Usually, the goal of demand-side management is to encourage the consumer to use less energy during peak hours, or to move the time of energy use to off-peak times such as nighttime and weekends.[3] Peak demand management does not necessarily decrease total energy consumption, but could be expected to reduce the need for investments in networks and/or power plants for meeting peak demands. An example is the use of energy storage units to store energy during off-peak hours and discharge them during peak hours.[4]
A newer application for DSM is to aid grid operators in balancing variable generation from wind and solar units, particularly when the timing and magnitude of energy demand does not coincide with the renewable generation. Generators brought on line during peak demand periods are often fossil fuel units. Minimizing their use reduces emissions of carbon dioxide and other pollutants.[5][6]
The term DSM was coined following the time of the 1973 energy crisis and 1979 energy crisis.[7] Governments of many countries mandated performance of various programs for demand management. An early example is the National Energy Conservation Policy Act of 1978 in the U.S., preceded by similar actions in California and Wisconsin. Demand-side management was introduced publicly by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in the 1980s.[8] Nowadays, DSM technologies become increasingly feasible due to the integration of information and communications technology and the power system, new terms such as integrated demand-side management (IDSM), or smart grid.[9][10]
^"Electricity system flexibility". Ofgem. Government of United Kingdom. 2013-06-17. Archived from the original on 2020-06-19. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
^Chiu, Wei-Yu; Sun, Hongjian; Poor, H. Vincent (2013). "Energy Imbalance Management Using a Robust Pricing Scheme". IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 4 (2): 896–904. arXiv:1705.02135. doi:10.1109/TSG.2012.2216554. S2CID 5752292.
^"Demand Management". Office of Energy. Government of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
^Wei-Yu Chiu; Hongjian Sun; H.V. Poor (November 2012). "Demand-side energy storage system management in smart grid". 2012 IEEE Third International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)(PDF). pp. 73, 78, 5–8. doi:10.1109/SmartGridComm.2012.6485962. ISBN 978-1-4673-0910-3. S2CID 15881783.
^Jeffery Greenblatt; Jane Long (September 2012). "California's Energy Future: Portraits of Energy Systems for Meeting Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets" (PDF). California Council on Science and Technology: 46–47. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^Lund, Peter D; Lindgren, Juuso; Mikkola, Jani; Salpakari, Jyri (2015). "Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 45: 785–807. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.057.
^Torriti, Jacopo (2016). Peak energy demand and Demand Side Response. Routledge. ISBN 9781138016255.[page needed]
^Murthy Balijepalli, V. S. K; Pradhan, Vedanta; Khaparde, S. A; Shereef, R. M (2011). "Review of demand response under smart grid paradigm". ISGT2011-India. pp. 236–43. doi:10.1109/ISET-India.2011.6145388. ISBN 978-1-4673-0315-6. S2CID 45654558.
^S. G. Liasi and S. M. T. Bathaee, "Optimizing microgrid using demand response and electric vehicles connection to microgrid," 2017 Smart Grid Conference (SGC), Tehran, Iran, 2017, pp. 1-7, doi: 10.1109/SGC.2017.8308873.
^L. Gkatzikis, I. Koutsopoulos and T. Salonidis, "The Role of Aggregators in Smart Grid Demand Response Markets," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 1247-1257, July 2013, doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2013.130708.
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