An encounter killing, often simply called an encounter, is an extrajudicial killing by police or the armed forces in South Asia, supposedly in self-defence when they encounter suspected gangsters or terrorists. The officers typically described the incidents as a shootout situation, often allegedly starting when a criminal grabs for the gun of a police officer.[1] The term encounter came into widespread use for such incidents in the late 20th century.
Critics are sceptical of the police motivation behind many of these reported incidents,[2] and further complain that the wide acceptance of the practice has led to incidents of the police staging encounters to conceal the killing of suspects when they are either already in custody or are unarmed or have surrendered (or would have been willing to surrender if given the opportunity).[3] Such instances are called fake encounters.[4] In some cases, surrendered criminals are shot in the leg as an extrajudicial punishment, and these are called as half encounters.[5][6]
Sometimes police officers are also killed in such incidents, although relatively rarely. Over a two-year period in Uttar Pradesh, for example, encounters reportedly resulted in the death of 103 alleged criminals and 5 police officers.[7][8] Several individual police officers have reportedly been involved in more than 100 killings in encounters, and Pradeep Sharma was reportedly involved in more than 300.[9]
In the 1990s and the mid-2000s, the Mumbai Police used encounter killings to attack the city's underworld, and the practice spread to other large cities. In Pakistan, the Sindh Police are notorious for extrajudicial killings through fake encounters especially in Karachi.[10]
In the six years between 2016/2017 and 2021/2022, a case of encounter killing has been registered once every three days in India, with 813 such cases of encounter killings, according to National Human Rights Commission of India data. There were no convictions of any officials involved in these killings during that period.[11]
^Bhushan, Akshat (30 July 2020). "Extrajudicial Killings in India: Rule of Law v. Police Impunity". Jurist. The common excuse given by the police for carrying out such killings is that the accused had snatched the pistol of one of the policemen and opened fire.
^Cite error: The named reference bbc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference IndExp_2011_Sohrabuddin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"17 UP cops get life term for killing man in fake encounter". Hindustan Times. 30 March 2012.
^"Delhi: In 'half-encounters', criminals shot in legs | Delhi News". The Times of India.
^"UP police change approach to encounters, opt to fire at legs". 20 January 2019.
^"In India, 479 cops died in line of duty in a year, 116 in UP". The Times of India.
^"'5,178 encounters since 2017': UP Police boasts of killing 103, injuring 1,859". The Week. 6 December 2019.
^Karnad, Raghu; Jajo, Grace (21 July 2016). "Confessions of a killer policeman". The Guardian.
^"Rao Anwar and the killing fields of Karachi". Dawn. 16 February 2018. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
^Jacob, Nidhi (25 July 2022). "Encounter Killings: Fivefold Rise in Pending Cases, No Convictions in 6 Years". FactChecker.in. Retrieved 4 September 2022. Article is also here at Scroll.in. Scroll over map at FactChecker.in source for numbers. There is also a data download link below the source map.
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