Global InformationHizbul Mujahideen information
| Hizbul Mujahideen | |
|---|---|
| حزب المجاھدین | |
 Official logo | |
| Founders | Muhammad Ahsan Dar Hilal Ahmed Mir Masood Sarfraz |
| Patron and Supreme Commander | Syed Salahuddin[1] |
| Operational Commander | Farooq Ahmed Nali (a.k.a. Abu Ubaida) (chief operational commander in the Kashmir Valley, India) |
| Foundation | September 1989 (notional)[2] |
| Dates of operation | 1989–present |
| Split to | Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind[3] The Resistance Front[a] |
| Allegiance |  Pakistan |
| Group(s) | Dukhtaran-e-Millat[9][10] |
| Motives | Separation of Kashmir from India and its merger with Pakistan[11] |
| Headquarters | Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir |
| Ideology | Islamism[12] Jihadism[13] |
| Status | Active |
| Part of | United Jihad Council |
| Allies | al-Qaeda Lashkar-e-Taiba Al-Badr[14] |
| Battles and wars | Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir |
| Designated as a terrorist group by |  India European Union Canada United States |
Hizbul Mujahideen, also spelled Hizb-ul-Mujahidin (Arabic: حزب المجاھدین, transl. 'Party of Holy Fighters'),[15] is a Pakistan-affiliated Islamist militant organisation that has been engaged in the Kashmir insurgency since 1989. It aims to separate Kashmir[b] from India and merge it with Pakistan,[16][12][17] and is thus one of the most important players in the region as it evolved the narrative of the Kashmir conflict by steering the struggle away from nationalism and towards jihadism.
Founded in September 1989 as an umbrella group of Islamist militants, Hizbul Mujahideen quickly came under the control of Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir;[18] it is considered to be the military wing of the organisation.[19][20] It was supported, since its inception, by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence and was established through an effort initiated under erstwhile Pakistani president Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.[21][20] It is headquartered in Muzaffarabad, the capital of Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir,[22] and also has liaison offices in Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan's political and military capital cities, respectively.[23][24]
The organisation has claimed responsibility for multiple armed attacks in Kashmir.[25][26] It has been designated as a terrorist group by the European Union,[27] India,[28] Canada,[29] and the United States.[30] It remains a lawfully-operating organisation in Pakistan.[31]
- ^ "Who is Syed Salahuddin, and why is he designated as a 'global terrorist'?". The Hindu. 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ Jamal, Shadow War (2009), p. 281, note 40: "Interestingly, Jamat-i-Islami considers September 1989, the day the Hizbul Mujahideen was founded, as the beginning of the insurgency."
- ^ Zee Media Bureau (15 May 2017). "With Call For 'Islamic Rule', Zakir Musa May Have Signalled Ideological Split in Kashmir Terrorism". The Wire (Indian web publication). Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- ^ Gupta, Shishir (8 May 2020). "Pak launches terror's new face in Kashmir, Imran Khan follows up on Twitter". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- ^ "'Pakistan trying to securalise Kashmir militancy': Lashkar regroups in Valley as The Resistance Front". The Indian Express. 5 May 2020. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- ^ Gupta, Shishir (8 May 2020). "New J&K terror outfit run by LeT brass: Intel". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- ^ Pubby, Manu; Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy (29 April 2020). "The Resistance Front: New name of terror groups in Kashmir". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- ^ "Security Forces Have Eliminated Over 100 Militants in Jammu and Kashmir This Year, Say Officials". CNN News18. 8 June 2020. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
- ^ "DeM cadres lead women congregations across Kashmir". Greater Kashmir. 3 August 2016. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
- ^ Gul, Khalid (5 August 2016). "Pro-freedom rallies in Pampore, Bijbehara". Greater Kashmir. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
- ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2002). Pakistan: Nationalism Without a Nation. Zed Books. p. 180. ISBN 9781842771174.
- ^ a b *Staniland, Organizing Insurgency (2012), "The Hizb, by contrast, represented a less popular Islamist ideology and did not embrace a mass mobilization strategy."
- Garner, Chechnya and Kashmir: The Jihadist Evolution (2013), p. 423: "When many of the other jihadi groups began to leave the umbrella of JKLF, they consolidated under Hizb-ul-Mujahideen. With political leadership wrapping itself in the mantle of Islam, and Islamist groups gaining power and influence, the Kashmiri conflict became yet another ripe opportunity for foreign jihadists."
- Fair, Insights from a Database of LeT and HM Militants (2013), pp. 264–265: "HM has long-standing ties with the Pakistani Islamist political party Jamaat-e-Islami."
- ^
- Staniland, Insurgent Fratricide (2012), p. 27: "As the JKLF slipped from armed prominence in 1992 and 1993, the arena of combat shifted to pro-Pakistan, Islamist organizations. The most powerful of these was the Hizbul Mujahideen, which combined Pakistani aid with the support of the Jamaat-e-Islami political party."
- Gunaratna & Yee Kam, Handbook of Terrorism (2016), p. 271: "The Hizbul Mujahideen is an Islamist separatist group that is bent on liberating the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The group wants Kashmir to be independent and integrated with Pakistan."
- Fair, Insights from a Database of LeT and HM Militants (2013), p. 265: "HM has historically called for the unification of Kashmir under Pakistani control, but it takes a somewhat subtler line in its public communications."
- ^ Pakistan Archived 19 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Mapping Militants. Stanford University.
- ^ Kiessling, The ISI of Pakistan (2016), p. 193.
- ^ *Staniland, Insurgent Fratricide (2012), p. 27: "As the JKLF slipped from armed prominence in 1992 and 1993, the arena of combat shifted to pro-Pakistan, Islamist organizations. The most powerful of these was the Hizbul Mujahideen, which combined Pakistani aid with the support of the Jamaat-e-Islami political party."
- Gunaratna & Yee Kam, Handbook of Terrorism (2016), p. 271: "The Hizbul Mujahideen is an Islamist separatist group that is bent on liberating the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The group wants Kashmir to be independent and integrated back with Pakistan."
- Fair, Insights from a Database of LeT and HM Militants (2013), p. 265: "HM has historically called for the unification of Kashmir under Pakistani control, but it takes a somewhat subtler line in its public communications."
- ^ "Country Reports on Terrorism 2019: Hizbul Mujahideen". United States Department of State. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ *Garner, Chechnya and Kashmir: The Jihadist Evolution (2013), p. 423: "The Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HuM), active since the mid-1980s, and its parent political party, the Jamaat-e-Islami, were the two most important players in the evolution from nationalism to jihad."
- Fair, Insights from a Database of LeT and HM Militants (2013), pp. 264–265: "Some analysts believe that JI founded HM on behalf of the ISI while others contend that JI did so on its own initiative but with the assistance of the ISI."
- Staniland, Insurgent Fratricide (2012), p. 27: "The most powerful of these was the Hizbul Mujahideen, which combined Pakistani aid with the support of the Jamaat-e-Islami political party."
- Staniland, Networks of Rebellion (2014), pp. 76–77: "While its rise to dominance occurred after 1990, its mobilization during 1989–1991 through the networks of the Jamaat-e-Islami laid the basis for an integrated organization that persisted..."
- Jamal, Shadow War (2009), p. 281, note 40: "Interestingly, Jamat-i-Islami considers September 1989, the day the Hizbul Mujahideen was founded, as the beginning of the insurgency."
- ^ Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007). Demystifying Kashmir. Pearson Education India. p. 154. ISBN 9788131708460. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
- ^ a b Kiessling, The ISI of Pakistan (2016), p. 180
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Sirrs 177was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Fair, Insights from a Database of LeT and HM Militants (2013), p. 265; Gunaratna & Yee Kam, Handbook of Terrorism (2016), p. 271
- ^ Sareen, The Jihad Factory (2005), p 141: "Dar's followers have been trying to seize HM offices in Muzaffarabad, Rawalpindi and Islamabad."
- ^ Staniland, Networks of Rebellion (2014), p. 80.
- ^ A sample:
- "Hizbul Mujahideen takes responsibility for attack on CRPF camp". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- US Department of State. "Country Reports on Terrorism 2017 - Foreign Terrorist Organizations: Hizbul Mujahideen". Refworld. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- US Department of State. "Country Report on Human Rights Practices 1998 - India". Refworld. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ^ Joshi, The Lost Rebellion (1999).
- ^ "Council Decision (CFSP) 2015/2430 of 21 December 2015". Official Journal of the European Union. 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ^ "Banned Organisations". Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 29 January 2013. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013.
- ^ "Canada labels the Proud Boys, other neo-Nazi groups as terrorists". CBC. Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^
"US adds 4 Indian outfits to terror list". Rediff News. 30 April 2004. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- See also
- "Appendix A: Chronology of Significant Terrorist Incidents, 2002", Patterns of Global Terrorism, US Department of State, 30 April 2003, archived from the original on 21 August 2019, retrieved 23 May 2019
- "Appendix C: Background Information on Other Terrorist Groups", Patterns of Global Terrorism, US Department of State, 30 April 2003, archived from the original on 21 August 2019, retrieved 23 May 2019
- "Appendix C – Background Information on Other Terrorist Groups", Patterns of Global Terrorism, 29 April 2004, archived from the original on 21 August 2019, retrieved 23 May 2019
- Appendix C: Background Information on Other Terrorist Groups (PDF), US Department of State, archived (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2019, retrieved 23 May 2019
- ^ Kiessling, The ISI of Pakistan (2016), p. 183.
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