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According to some theories, emotions are universal phenomena, albeit affected by culture. Emotions are "internal phenomena that can, but do not always, make themselves observable through expression and behavior".[1] While some emotions are universal and are experienced in similar ways as a reaction to similar events across all cultures, other emotions show considerable cultural differences in their antecedent events, the way they are experienced, the reactions they provoke and the way they are perceived by the surrounding society. According to other theories, termed social constructionist, emotions are more deeply culturally influenced.[2] The components of emotions are universal, but the patterns are social constructions. Some also theorize that culture is affected by the emotions of the people.
^Niedenthal, Paula M.; Silvia Krauth-Gruber; Francois Ric (2006). Psychology of Emotion Interpersonal, Experiential, and Cognitive Approaches. New York, NY: Psychology Press. pp. 5, 305–342. ISBN 978-1841694023.
^Nightingale, David J.; Cromby, John, eds. (1999). Social constructionist psychology: a critical analysis of theory and practice. Buckingham: Open Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-335-20192-1.
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