Embedded democracy is a form of government in which democratic governance is secured by democratic partial regimes.[1][2][3] The term "embedded democracy" was coined by political scientists Wolfgang Merkel, Hans-Jürgen Puhle, and Aurel Croissant, who identified "five interdependent partial regimes" necessary for an embedded democracy: electoral regime, political participation, civil rights, horizontal accountability, and the power of the elected representatives to govern.[4] The five internal regimes work together to check the power of the government, while external regimes also help to secure and stabilize embedded democracies.[5] Together, all the regimes ensure that an embedded democracy is guided by the three fundamental principles of freedom, equality, and control.[6][7]
^Merkel, Wolfgang (December 2004). "Embedded and Defective Democracies" (PDF). Democratization. 11 (5). Retrieved 6 November 2014.
^Buhllman, Mark; Merkel, Wolfgang; Wessels, Bernhard (April 2008). "The Quality of Democracy: Democracy Barometer for Established Democracies". Hertie School of Governance - Working Papers.
^Merkel, Wolfgang; Croissant, Aurel (December 2004). "Conclusion: Good and Defective Democracies". Democratization. 11 (5): 199–213. doi:10.1080/13510340412331304651. S2CID 218522553.
^Merkel (2004) p.33
^Merkel (2004) p.36-27
^Merkel (2004) p.43-45
^Buhllman et al. (2008) p.7
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