The Common Brown Leafhopper (Orosius orientalis) connected to the EPG electrode
The electrical penetration graph or EPG is a system used by biologists to study the interaction of insects such as aphids, thrips, and leafhoppers with plants. Therefore, it can also be used to study the basis of plant virus transmission, host plant selection by insects and the way in which insects can find and feed from the phloem of the plant. It is a simple system consisting of a partial circuit which is only completed when a species such as aphids, which are the most abundantly studied, inserts its stylet into the plant in order to probe the plant as a suitable host for feeding. The completed circuit is displayed visually as a graph with different waveforms indicating either different insect activities such as saliva excretion or the ingestion of cellular contents or indicating which tissue type has been penetrated (i.e. phloem, xylem or mesophyll). So far, around ten different graphical waveforms are known, correlating with different insect/plant interaction events.
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The electricalpenetrationgraph or EPG is a system used by biologists to study the interaction of insects such as aphids, thrips, and leafhoppers with...
feeding patterns can be conducted using electricalpenetrationgraphs which allow researchers to match electrical waveforms to specific feeding behaviors...
The demand, or load on an electrical grid is the total electrical power being removed by the users of the grid. The graph of the demand over time is...
demonstrated by Han and Yan (1995) in an experiment utilizing an electricalpenetrationgraph. While no difference in the amount of time spent probing between...
is a graph of power production over the course of a day that shows the timing imbalance between peak demand and solar power generation. The graph resembles...
reported to induce gall-like structures on maize in Japan. Electricalpenetrationgraphs from Cicadulina spp. and the inoculation of a persistent virus...
internal reflection (FTIR) in which the evanescent field very close (see graph) to the surface of a dense medium at which a wave normally undergoes total...
needed. Electrical utilities continue to study the effects of large-scale penetration of wind generation on system stability. A wind energy penetration figure...
where δ is the penetration depth (m), f is the frequency (Hz), μ is the magnetic permeability of the material (H/m), and σ is the electrical conductivity...
secure the solar module system in position and do not require ground penetration. This type of mounting system is well suited for sites where excavation...
of the fire. The fire started in the cable spreading room at a cable penetration through the wall between the cable spreading room and the reactor building...
1930s a mica window was added to the cylindrical design allowing low-penetration radiation to pass through with ease. The integral unit allows single-handed...
also required. The results are presented in a graph of percent passing versus the sieve size. On the graph the sieve size scale is logarithmic. To find...
ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. Electromagnetic waves are emitted by electrically charged particles undergoing acceleration, and these waves can subsequently...
electrode pores, the internal resistance increases with the increasing penetration depth of the charge carriers into the pores. The internal DC resistance...
of the process. It was already understood that the depth of current penetration in steel was a function of its magnetic permeability, resistivity and...
professor emeritus of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. He is an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers...
required to develop the charging and swapping infrastructure, and a market penetration far lower than originally predicted. The Mitsubishi i-MiEV, launched...
direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system. Many utility-scale PV systems...
crash. Although such simulation is not new, its accuracy and market penetration are changing considerably because of computing advancements. Within the...
The smart grid is an enhancement of the 20th century electrical grid, using two-way communications and distributed so-called intelligent devices. Two-way...
commonly called the "penetration depth" of the evanescent wave. Taking reciprocals of the first equation of (12), we find that the penetration depth is d = λ...
phase of the current density is delayed 1 radian for each skin depth of penetration. One full wavelength in the conductor requires 2π skin depths, at which...
progressing cavity pump PCP – possible condensate production PCPT – piezo-cone penetration test PCS – process control system PDC – perforation depth control PDC...
During a fire the graphite intumesces (expands and chars) to resist fire penetration and prevent the spread of fumes. A typical start expansion temperature...
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