Education of immigrants in the United States information
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Statue of Liberty in New York City
Immigrants make up about 13% of the US population, about 42 million out of a total population of 318.9 million citizens in 2017.[1] First and second generation immigrant children have become the fastest-growing segment of the United States population. Compared to the native-born population, young adults aged 15–34 are significantly over-represented in new immigrants. Children and immigrants ages 35–44 are in similar proportion to native-born Americans, but older people are under-represented in new immigrants.[2]
Towards the end of the 19th century, immigration was growing tremendously within the United States. Despite this in 1891, the NEA (National Education Association) supported that children should only be instructed in English, despite some school's allowing core classes in foreign languages.[3] When the Compulsory Education Act was passed in 1895, children between the ages of eight and sixteen years were mandated to attend school. With rising immigration populations, by 1906, 17% of the public school enrollment was reported as being foreign-born by the Third Biennial School Census. And by 1911 it is reported that 57.5% of children in public schools had foreign-born parentage.[4]
The Supreme Court of the United States ruled in 1982 in Plyler v. Doe that states cannot deny students an education on account of their immigration status, allowing students to gain access to the United States' public schooling system.[5] This case is known as being one of the first cases to establish legal “rights” for immigrant education in America. Further, the 1974 Supreme Court case Lau v. Nichols prohibited discrimination based on race or national origin and determined that school systems in the United States must provide English language instruction.[6] By 1996, a federal piece of legislature called the Illegal Reforms and Immigration Responsibilities Act (IRIRA) was put in place to prevent the states from giving undocumented students access to benefits regarding postsecondary education.[7] As a result, multiple states passed laws or acts in order to base tuition off of attendance, merit or need instead of residency or nationality. Examples of this occurrence are shown in legislation like the California Assembly Bill (AB) 540, or the California DREAM Act (2001). The California DREAM Act stemmed from a separate but similarly proposed legislation– the DREAM Act– and allowed students enrolled in California universities and educational programs to apply for state financial aid.[7]
The DREAM ( (Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors) Act was a proposed act that would have conditionally given undocumented students permanent residency and financial aid[8]– differing from DACA – which is a renewal process that risks the undocumented individual’s deportation if not fulfilled every two years. Though never passed, its supporters and immigrant students coined the term "Dreamers" to describe the potential in education despite the challenges immigration might face. The “Dream” movement began gaining momentum in 2010 and the term was coined when referring to undocumented youth in reference to the DREAM Act.[7] The Every Student Succeeds Act[9] (ESSA) signed by President Obama in 2015 mandates English proficiency standards that hold state programs accountable for the performance of English-language (EL) programs. The most common forms of EL instruction are English as a Second Language (ESL) programs for students identified as low-English proficiency (LEP) learners.
^Bureau, US Census. "American Community Survey (ACS)". www.census.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
^"Chapter: 2 Background to Contemporary U.S. Immigration". The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration (1997). National Academies Press. 1997. doi:10.17226/5779. ISBN 978-0-309-06356-2. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^Zervas, T. G. (2017). Finding a balance in education: Immigration, diversity, and schooling in urban America, 1880-1900. ATHENS JOURNAL OF EDUCATION, 4(1), 77–84. doi:10.30958/aje.4-1-5
^Cordasco, Francesco. “The Children of Immigrants in the Schools: Historical Analogues of Educational Deprivation.” The Journal of Negro Education 42, no. 1 (1973): 44–53. doi:10.2307/2966790.
^"Public Education for Immigrant Students: Understanding Plyler v. Doe". American Immigration Council. 2012-06-15. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
^"A brief history of immigration and education in the US". Public Radio International. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
^ abcVenegas, K., Cadena, M., Galan, C., Park, E., Astudillo, S., Avilez, A. A., Ward, J. D., Lanford, M., Tierney, W. G., & University of Southern California, P. C. for H. E. (2017). Understanding DACA and the Implications for Higher Education. In Pullias Center for Higher Education. Pullias Center for Higher Education.
^Francis‐Fallon, Benjamin (June 2021). "Perchance to DREAM: A Legal and Political History of the DREAM Act and DACA". Political Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell). 136 (2): 382–384. doi:10.1002/polq.13182. S2CID 237887751.
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