Economic analysis of climate change is about using economic tools and models to calculate the magnitude and distribution of damages caused by climate change. It can also give guidance for the best policies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change from an economic perspective. There are many economic models and frameworks. For example, in a cost–benefit analysis, the trade offs between climate change impacts, adaptation, and mitigation are made explicit. For this kind of analysis, integrated assessment models (IAMs) are useful. Those models link main features of society and economy with the biosphere and atmosphere into one modelling framework.[1] The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate. In general, they increase the more the global surface temperature increases (see climate change scenarios).[2] Economic analysis also looks at the economics of climate change mitigation.
Most types of climate change effects are associated with an economic cost.[3]: 936–941 Many of the effects have impacts that are linked to market transactions and therefore are directly affect GDP. However, there are also non-market impacts which are harder to translate into economic costs. These include the impacts of climate change on human health, biomes and ecosystem services. Economic analysis of climate change is challenging as climate change is a long-term problem. Furthermore, there is still a lot of uncertainty about the exact impacts of climate change and the associated damages to be expected. Future policy responses and socioeconomic development are also uncertain.
Mitigation costs will vary according to how and when emissions are cut. Early, well-planned action will minimize the costs.[4] Globally, the benefits of keeping warming under 2 °C exceed the costs.[5] Cost estimates for mitigation for specific regions depend on the quantity of emissions allowed for that region in future, as well as the timing of interventions.[6]: 90 Economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP.[7]
^IPCC (2014). "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). IPCC AR5 WG2 A 2014. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
^Cite error: The named reference smith was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Stern, N. (2006). Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change: Part III: The Economics of Stabilisation. HM Treasury, London: http://hm-treasury.gov.uk/sternreview_index.htm
^Sampedro, Jon; Smith, Steven J.; Arto, Iñaki; González-Eguino, Mikel; Markandya, Anil; Mulvaney, Kathleen M.; Pizarro-Irizar, Cristina; Van Dingenen, Rita (2020). "Health co-benefits and mitigation costs as per the Paris Agreement under different technological pathways for energy supply". Environment International. 136: 105513. Bibcode:2020EnInt.13605513S. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105513. hdl:10810/44202. PMID 32006762. S2CID 211004787.
^IPCC, 2007: Technical Summary - Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Archived 2009-12-11 at the Wayback Machine [B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, United States., XXX pp.
^"Can cost benefit analysis grasp the climate change nettle? And can we..." Oxford Martin School. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
and 29 Related for: Economic analysis of climate change information
climatechange describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climatechange in...
prominent due to climatechange. This is a critical concern for South Africans as climatechange will affect the overall status and wellbeing of the country...
Climatechange vulnerability is a concept that describes how strongly people or ecosystems are likely to be affected by climatechange. Its formal definition...
should allow ecosystems to adapt to climatechange, ensure that food production is not threatened and enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable...
Climate justice is an approach to climate action that focuses on the unequal impacts ofclimatechange on marginalized or otherwise vulnerable populations...
Climatechange is impacting the environment and human population of the United Kingdom (UK). The country's climate is becoming warmer, with drier summers...
Climatechange mitigation (or decarbonisation) is action to limit the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause climatechange. Greenhouse gas emissions...
politics ofclimatechange results from different perspectives on how to respond to climatechange. Global warming is driven largely by the emissions of greenhouse...
Climatechange in Africa is an increasingly serious threat as Africa is among the most vulnerable continents to the effects ofclimatechange. Some sources...
parameters influence climatechange scenarios. Three important parameters are the number of people (and population growth), their economic activity new technologies...
higher than IPCC estimates. February (reported): a Copernicus ClimateChange Service analysis indicated that from February 2023 through January 2024, the...
economics ofclimatechange mitigation is a contentious part ofclimatechange mitigation – action aimed to limit the dangerous socio-economic and environmental...
Climatechange has been a critical issue in Australia since the beginning of the 21st century. Australia is becoming hotter and more prone to extreme heat...
effects ofclimatechange is due to a combination of geographical factors, such as its flat, low-lying, and delta-exposed topography, and socio-economic factors...
Effects ofclimatechange are well documented and growing for Earth's natural environment and human societies. Changes to the climate system include an...
The APEC Climate Center (APCC) is a governmental institution that conducts research in climate prediction, analysis and climatechange application areas...
opinion on climatechange is related to a broad set of variables, including the effects of sociodemographic, political, cultural, economic, and environmental...
Climatechange denial (also global warming denial) is a form of science denial characterized by rejecting, refusing to acknowledge, disputing, or fighting...
An economic impact analysis (EIA) examines the effect of an event on the economy in a specified area, ranging from a single neighborhood to the entire...
counter climatechange and foster economic development such as the 2011 Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE). Ethiopia features diverse climates and landscapes...
Climatechange is having major effects on the Chinese economy, society and the environment. China is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide, through an...
ranked fourth among the list of countries most affected by climatechange in 2015. India emits about 3 gigatonnes (Gt) CO2eq of greenhouse gases each year;...
Climatechange has led to the United States warming by 2.6 °F (1.4 °C) since 1970. The climateof the United States is shifting in ways that are widespread...
These environmental changes will lead to shifts in ecosystems and affect local organisms. Climatechange will also cause economic losses in France, particularly...
Climatechange in Nigeria is evident from temperature increase, rainfall variability (increasing in coastal areas and decline in continental areas). It...