Global InformationEast Jerusalem information
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East Jerusalem (Arabic: القدس الشرقية, al-Quds ash-Sharqiya; Hebrew: מִזְרַח יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, Mizraḥ Yerushalayim) is the sector of Jerusalem that was held by Jordan after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, as opposed to the western sector of the city, West Jerusalem, which was held by Israel.[a] Under international law, East Jerusalem is considered a part of the West Bank and, therefore, of the Palestinian territories.[2][3] A number of states recognize East Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine (such as Argentina, Brazil,[4] China,[5] Russia,[6] and all 57 members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation),[7] whereas other states (such as Australia, Finland, France, and others) assert that East Jerusalem "will be the capital of Palestine",[8][9] while referring to it as "an occupied territory".[10]
In 2020, East Jerusalem had a population of 595,000 inhabitants, of which 361,700 (61%) are Palestinian Arabs and 234,000 (39%) are Jewish settlers.[11][12] The international community regards Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem illegal under international law.[13][14]
Jerusalem was envisaged as a separate, international city under the 1947 United Nations partition plan. It was, however, divided by the 1948 war that followed Israel's declaration of independence. As a result of the 1949 Armistice Agreements, the city's western half came under Israeli control, while its eastern half, containing the famed Old City, fell under Jordanian control.[15][b]
Israel occupied East Jerusalem during the 1967 Six-Day War; since then, the entire city has been under Israeli control. The 1980 Jerusalem Law declared unified Jerusalem the capital of Israel,[17] formalizing the effective annexation of East Jerusalem. Palestinians and many in the international community consider East Jerusalem to be the future capital of the State of Palestine. The status of Jerusalem has been described as "one of the most intractable issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict", with conflicting claims to sovereignty over the city or parts of it, and access to its holy sites.[18]
Israeli and Palestinian definitions of East Jerusalem differ.[c] Following the 1967 Six-Day War, Jerusalem's municipal boundaries were extended totaling an area three times the size of pre-war West Jerusalem. This includes several nearby West Bank villages to the north, east and south of the Old City that are now considered neighborhoods of the city, as well as eight suburban neighborhoods that were built since then. The international community considers these neighborhoods illegal settlements, but the Israeli government disputes this. The Israeli position is based on the extended municipal boundaries, while the Palestinian position is based on the 1949 Armistice Agreements.
East Jerusalem includes the Old City, which is home to many sites of seminal religious importance for the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, including the Temple Mount / Al-Aqsa, the Western Wall, the Dome of the Rock and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Arab residents of East Jerusalem are increasingly becoming integrated into Israeli society, in terms of education, citizenship, national service and in other aspects.[20][needs update][21][better source needed] According to Middle East expert David Pollock, in the hypothesis that a final agreement was reached between Israel and the Palestinians with the establishment of a two-state solution, 48% of East Jerusalem Arabs would prefer being citizens of Israel, while 42% of them would prefer the State of Palestine. 9% would prefer Jordanian citizenship.[22]
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- ^ Dumper 2002, p. 42.
- ^ "The Illegality of the Israeli Occupation of the Palestinian West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza: What the International Court of Justice Will Have to Determine in its Advisory Opinion for the United Nations General Assembly". Opinio Juris. 23 December 2022. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ^ "East Jerusalem - OCHA" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ^ "Topônimos e gentílicos - Manual de Redação - FUNAG". funag.gov.br. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ China supports Palestinian UN bid (Xinhua, 8 September 2011) Archived 16 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine "China recognizes Palestine as a country with east Jerusalem as its capital and possessing full sovereignty and independence, in accordance with borders agreed upon in 1967, according to Jiang"
- ^ Medvedev reaffirms Soviet recognition of Palestine (Ynet News, 18 January 2011) Archived 26 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine "Russian president says Moscow has not changed its position since 1988 when it 'recognized independent Palestinian state with its capital in east Jerusalem'"
- ^ Muslim leaders urge world to recognise East Jerusalem as capital of Palestine (France 24, 2017-12-13) Archived 27 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine "their final statement declared "East Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine" and invited "all countries to recognise the State of Palestine and East Jerusalem as its occupied capital.""
- ^ "Finland's country strategy for Palestine - 2021-2024". Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ^ "Australia recognises west Jerusalem as capital of Israel". France 24. 15 December 2018. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. "Israel / Palestinian Territories – France condemns the expulsion of Mr Salah Hamouri (18 Dec. 2022)". France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ^ "Jerusalem Institute - 2022" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ^ "Israel", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 21 December 2022, archived from the original on 10 January 2021, retrieved 2 January 2023
- ^ Utenriksdepartementet (18 January 2010). "Norge bekymret over situasjonen i Øst-Jerusalem". Regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ^ "Israel approves new settler homes". BBC News. 5 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ Hasson 2000, pp. 15–24.
- ^ Korman 1996, p. 251.
- ^ "Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 30 July 1980. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2007.
- ^ Leigh Phillips (19 November 2009). "EU rebukes Israel for Jerusalem settlement expansion" Archived 22 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine. EUObserver. "The issue of Jerusalem is one of the most intractable issues in the Israel-Palestine conflict. While both Israelis and Palestinians claim Jerusalem as their capital, most countries maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv while the occupied territories are administered by the Palestinian Authority in the town of Ramallah."
- ^ Farsakh 2005, p. 9.
- ^ Hasson 2012.
- ^ Koren, David (13 September 2018). "The desire of eastern Jerusalem Arabs to integrate in Israeli society outweighs the threats of the Palestinian Authority". JISS. Archived from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ "New Poll Reveals Moderate Trend Among East Jerusalem Palestinians". The Washington Institute. Archived from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
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