Dwarf snakehead is a term coined by aquarists to describe a group of Channa snakehead fishes growing to about 25 cm (10 in) maximum. They are found in freshwater habitats (often streams) in South and Southeast Asia, and southern China.[1]
The following snakeheads belong to this group:[1][2][3][4]
Channa andrao
Channa aurantipectoralis
Channa baramensis
Channa bipuli
Channa bleheri
Channa brunnea
Channa burmanica
Channa coccinea = Channa sp. Ignis
Channa gachua
Channa harcourtbutleri
Channa kelaartii
Channa limbata
Channa lipor
Channa melanostigma
Channa orientalis
Channa ornatipinnis
Channa panaw
Channa pardalis
Channa pulchra
Channa pyrophthalmus = Channa sp. fire and ice.
Channa quinquefasciata
Channa rara
Channa royi
Channa rubora = Channa sp. Burmese red rim rainbow or Channa sp. redfin.
Channa shingon
Channa stewartii
Channa stiktos
Channa torsaensis
Some of these are borderline dwarf snakeheads, slightly surpassing 25 cm (10 in) in maximum length (e.g., C. pulchra has been called a dwarf snakehead,[5] but may reach 30 cm or 12 in[6]). In contrast, the smallest dwarf snakehead species are less than 15 cm (6 in).[7]
Channa sp. "redfin", a dwarf snakehead that still is scientifically undescribed
Several of these only recently received their scientific name, but were already known among aquarists before. Examples of this are C. andrao (described 2013, previously known as C. sp. "Lal Cheng" or "blue bleheri"),[8]C. pardalis (described 2016, previously known as C. sp. "Meghalaya leopard"),[9]C. quinquefasciata (described 2018, previously known as C. sp. "five stripe"),[10]C. torsaensis (described 2018, previously known as C. sp. "cobalt blue"),[11] and C. brunnea (described 2019, previously known as C. sp. "chocolate bleheri").[12] A few dwarf snakeheads that are known from the aquarium trade remain undescribed, including:[13][14]
Channa sp. Laos fireback.
Channa sp. mulberry or Channa sp. morus.
Besides their commonality of being of small size, dwarf snakeheads generally are paternal mouthbrooders (confirmed in some species, suspected in others). An exception is the free-spawning C. bleheri where the eggs float to the surface and the parents take care of them (no mouthbrooding).[15]
Although several dwarf snakeheads are very close relatives, overall the group is not monophyletic. For example, the dwarfs C. burmanica and C. stewartii are phylogenetically much closer to the large C. barca (up to 105 cm or 3.4 ft) than they are to the dwarfs C. ornatipinnis, C. pulchra and C. stiktos.[3][16]
^ abEndruweit, M. (2017). Description of a new dwarf snakehead (Perciformes: Channidae) from western Yunnan. Vertebrate Zoology 67(2): 173-178.
^Thakur, V. R.; Raymond, J. J. A.; Halalludin, Beni; Kiruba-Sankar, R.; Knight, J. D. M.; Praveenraj, J. (2018). Channa royi (Teleostei: Channidae): a new species of snakehead from Andaman Islands, India. Indian Journal of Fisheries 65(4).
^ abLalramliana, J. D. M. Knight, D. V. Lalhlimpuia and M. Singh (2018). Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of snakehead fish, Channa stiktos (Teleostei: Channidae), from Mizoram, North Eastern India. Vertebrate Zoology 68 (2): 165-175.
^Britz, R.; N. Dahanukar; V.K. Anoop; A. Ali (2019). "Channa rara, a new species of snakehead fish from the Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, India (Teleostei: Labyrinthici: Channidae)". Zootaxa. 4683 (4). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4683.4.8.
^Britz, R. (2007). Channa ornatipinnis and C. pulchra, two new species of dwarf snakeheads from Myanmar (Teleostei: Channidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 18(4): 335-344.
^Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Channa pulchra" in FishBase. February 2019 version.
^Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). Species of Channa in FishBase. February 2019 version.
^Britz, R. (2013): Channa andrao, a new species of dwarf snakehead from West Bengal, India (Teleostei: Channidae). Zootaxa, 3731 (2): 287–294.
^Knight, J.D.M. (2016): Channa pardalis, a new species of snakehead (Teleostei: Channidae) from Meghalaya, northeastern India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 8 (3): 8583-8589.
^Praveenraj, J., A. Uma, J. D. M. Knight, N. Moulitharan, S. Balasubramanian, K. Bineesh and H. Bleher (2018). Channa quinquefasciata, a new species of snakehead (Teleostei: Channidae) from Torsa River, North Bengal, India. aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology 24 (4): 141-152.
^Dey, A., Ruksa Nur, B. Raychowdhury, D. Sarkar, L.K. Singh and S. Barat (2018). A New Ornamental Species of Snakehead Fish (Teleostei: Channidae) from River Torsa of West Bengal, India. International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 6(6): 497-503.
^Praveenraj, J., A. Uma, N. Moulitharan and R. Kannan (2019). Channa brunnea, a new species of snakehead (Teleostei: Channidae) from West Bengal, India. Zootaxa 4624(1): 59-70.
^SeriouslyFish: Channa sp. 'fire and ice'. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
^Four new species of snakehead are described from Myanmar by 2024: [1]
^SeriouslyFish: Channa bleheri. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
^Conte-Grand, C., Britz, R., Dahanukar, N., Raghavan, R., Pethi-yagoda, R., Tan, H.H., Hadiaty, R.K., Yaakob, N.S. & Rüber, L. (2017). Barcoding snakeheads (Teleostei, Channidae) re-visited: Discovering greater species diversity and resolving perpetuated taxonomic confusions. PLoS ONE, 12 (9): e0184017.
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