Redox reaction whose products have higher and lower oxidation states than the reactant
For other uses, see Proportionality.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Disproportionation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In chemistry, disproportionation, sometimes called dismutation, is a redox reaction in which one compound of intermediate oxidation state converts to two compounds, one of higher and one of lower oxidation states.[1][2] The reverse of disproportionation, such as when a compound in an intermediate oxidation state is formed from precursors of lower and higher oxidation states, is called comproportionation, also known as synproportionation.
More generally, the term can be applied to any desymmetrizing reaction where two molecules of one type react to give one each of two different types:[3]
This expanded definition is not limited to redox reactions, but also includes some molecular autoionization reactions, such as the self-ionization of water. In contrast, some authors use the term redistribution to refer to reactions of this type (in either direction) when only ligand exchange but no redox is involved and distinguish such processes from disproportionation and comproportionation. For example, the Schlenk equilibrium
is an example of a redistribution reaction.
^Shriver, D. F.; Atkins, P. W.; Overton, T. L.; Rourke, J. P.; Weller, M. T.; Armstrong, F. A. "Inorganic Chemistry" W. H. Freeman, New York, 2006. ISBN 0-7167-4878-9.
^Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
^IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "disproportionation". doi:10.1351/goldbook.D01799
and 25 Related for: Disproportionation information
constant in this acid-base reaction. Another variant on disproportionation is radical disproportionation, in which two radicals form an alkene and an alkane...
molecules, disproportionation proceeds rapidly and requires little to no activation energy. The most thoroughly studied radical disproportionation reactions...
Disproportionate assets is a term used in India to describe a situation where an individual's net economic assets significantly exceed the assets he or...
provides funding to hospitals that treat indigent patients through the Disproportionate Share Hospital (DSH) programs, under which facilities are able to receive...
points on either side, denotes a species unstable with respect to disproportionation, and a point that falls below the gradient of the line joining its...
convert toluene into benzene and xylenes. This is achieved through a disproportionation reaction of toluene in which one toluene molecule transfers its methyl...
+ 4 OH− + O2 → 2 MnO2− 4 + 2 H2O Manganates are unstable towards disproportionation in all but the most alkaline of aqueous solutions. The ultimate products...
adult height among people with dwarfism is 120 centimetres (4 ft). Disproportionate dwarfism is characterized by either short limbs or a short torso. In...
resulting damage in a progressive collapse is disproportionate to the original cause, the term disproportionate collapse is frequently used in engineering...
Sentencing disparity is defined as "a form of unequal treatment in criminal punishment that is often of unexplained cause and is at least incongruous,...
+ H2O2 Superoxide dismutases (SOD)s are enzymes that promote the disproportionation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. 2 O−2 + 2 H+ → O2...
sulfate, thiosulfate, and hydrogen sulfide through disproportionation. Elemental sulfur disproportionation is restricted to environments where the concentration...
Revenge is defined as committing a harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance, be it real or perceived. Primitive justice or retributive...
represented in academia worldwide; leading Western universities employ a disproportionately high number of Greek faculty. Greek scientific publications have grown...
sulfodismutans is a bacterium. It grows under strictly anaerobic conditions by disproportionation of thiosulfate or sulfite to sulfate and sulfide. ThAc01 is its type...
and Oxidation-Reduction of Methylviologen Cation Radicals. Novel Disproportionation in Charge-Transfer Salts by X-ray Crystallography". The Journal of...
radical polymerization steps are of two types: recombination and disproportionation. In a recombination step, two growing chain radicals (denoted by •)...
that the electrons cancel: 2 Fe2+ + H2O2 + 2 H+ → 2 Fe3+ + 2 H2O A disproportionation reaction is one in which a single substance is both oxidized and reduced...
government re-drew the electoral boundaries to give its supporters a disproportionate majority and abolished proportional representation in favour of first...
carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide at a given temperature. It is the disproportionation of carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and graphite or its reverse:...
perceived as deviant when they are committed as an overreaction or a disproportionate response to provocation. Common examples of property crime include...
oxidation of tetrathionate is still unclear and may involve sulfur disproportionation, during which both sulfide and sulfate are produced from reduced sulfur...
disposable household income as of June 2022[update]. Poverty has a disproportionately high effect in ethnic-minority households, with a quarter (23.3%)...
California the welfare capital?: Delving into why California has such a disproportionate share of the nation's recipients". U-T San Diego. Retrieved August...
over 1,000 dead, while only 2 Dominicans were killed. This pattern of disproportionate losses for the Haitians continued throughout the war. In early July...
Global Information
