Artist's impression for the formation of a massive black hole seed via the direct black hole channel.[1]
Direct collapse black holes (DCBHs) are high-mass black hole seeds,[2][3][4][5] putatively formed within the redshift range z=15–30,[6] when the Universe was about 100–250 million years old. Unlike seeds formed from the first population of stars (also known as Population III stars), direct collapse black hole seeds are formed by a direct, general relativistic instability. They are very massive, with a typical mass at formation of ~105M☉.[3][7] This category of black hole seeds was originally proposed theoretically to alleviate the challenge in building supermassive black holes already at redshift z~7, as numerous observations to date have confirmed.[1][8][9][10][11]
^ ab"NASA Telescopes Find Clues For How Giant Black Holes Formed So Quickly". Press Room. Chandra X-ray Observatory. 24 May 2016. Retrieved 2020-08-27.
^Loeb, Abraham; Rasio, Frederic A. (1994-09-01). "Collapse of primordial gas clouds and the formation of quasar black holes". The Astrophysical Journal. 432: 52–61. arXiv:astro-ph/9401026. Bibcode:1994ApJ...432...52L. doi:10.1086/174548. S2CID 17042784.
^ abBromm, Volker; Loeb, Abraham (2003-10-01). "Formation of the First Supermassive Black Holes". The Astrophysical Journal. 596 (1): 34–46. arXiv:astro-ph/0212400. Bibcode:2003ApJ...596...34B. doi:10.1086/377529. S2CID 14419385.
^Lodato, Giuseppe; Natarajan, Priyamvada (2006-10-01). "Supermassive black hole formation during the assembly of pre-galactic discs". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 371 (4): 1813–1823. arXiv:astro-ph/0606159. Bibcode:2006MNRAS.371.1813L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10801.x. S2CID 13448595.
^Siegel, Ethan. "'Direct Collapse' Black Holes May Explain Our Universe's Mysterious Quasars". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-08-27.
^Yue, Bin; Ferrara, Andrea; Salvaterra, Ruben; Xu, Yidong; Chen, Xuelei (2014-05-01). "The brief era of direct collapse black hole formation". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 440 (2): 1263–1273. arXiv:1402.5675. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.440.1263Y. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu351. S2CID 119275449.
^Rees, Martin J.; Volonteri, Marta (2007-04-01). "Massive black holes: formation and evolution". Black Holes from Stars to Galaxies – Across the Range of Masses. 238: 51–58. arXiv:astro-ph/0701512. Bibcode:2007IAUS..238...51R. doi:10.1017/S1743921307004681. S2CID 14844338.
^Bañados, Eduardo; Venemans, Bram P.; Mazzucchelli, Chiara; Farina, Emanuele P.; Walter, Fabian; Wang, Feige; Decarli, Roberto; Stern, Daniel; Fan, Xiaohui; Davies, Frederick B.; Hennawi, Joseph F. (2018-01-01). "An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5". Nature. 553 (7689): 473–476. arXiv:1712.01860. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..473B. doi:10.1038/nature25180. PMID 29211709. S2CID 205263326.
^Fan, Xiaohui; Narayanan, Vijay K.; Lupton, Robert H.; Strauss, Michael A.; Knapp, Gillian R.; Becker, Robert H.; White, Richard L.; Pentericci, Laura; Leggett, S. K.; Haiman, Zoltán; Gunn, James E. (2001-12-01). "A Survey of z>5.8 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. Discovery of Three New Quasars and the Spatial Density of Luminous Quasars at z~6". The Astronomical Journal. 122 (6): 2833–2849. arXiv:astro-ph/0108063. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.2833F. doi:10.1086/324111. S2CID 119339804.
^Yang, Jinyi; Wang, Feige; Fan, Xiaohui; Hennawi, Joseph F.; Davies, Frederick B.; Yue, Minghao; Banados, Eduardo; Wu, Xue-Bing; Venemans, Bram; Barth, Aaron J.; Bian, Fuyan (2020-07-01). "Poniua'ena: A Luminous z = 7.5 Quasar Hosting a 1.5 Billion Solar Mass Black Hole". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 897 (1): L14. arXiv:2006.13452. Bibcode:2020ApJ...897L..14Y. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab9c26. S2CID 220042206.
^"Monster Black Hole Found in the Early Universe". Gemini Observatory. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2020-09-06.
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