This article is about loudspeaker systems designed such that one approximate point-source emits sound equally in two opposing directions, 180 degrees out of phase. For discussion of "stereo dipole" speakers, see stereo dipole and ambiophonics.
Dipole speakers and their radiation pattern.RCA Dimensia speaker mounted on a baffle with no back
A dipole speaker enclosure in its simplest form is constructed by mounting a loudspeaker driver on a flat panel. The panel may be folded to conserve space.
The term dipole derives from the fact that the polar response consists of two lobes, with equal radiation forwards and backwards, and none perpendicular to the axis. (By comparison a monopole response consists of one lobe.) This can be useful in reducing the stimulation of resonant room modes at low frequencies. It also results in high frequencies being reflected from any rear wall, which can enhance the naturalness of the sound in typical listening rooms by creating more diffuse reverberation, though in theory it could detract from stereo localization. For this reason dipole speakers are often used as surround channel speakers, where a diffuse sound is desired to create ambience.
A dipole speaker works by creating air movement (as sound pressure waves) directly from the front and back surfaces of the driver, rather than by impedance matching one or both outputs to the air. As a result, diaphragm motion below the driver's resonance frequency is constrained primarily by the driver's restoring force (e.g., diaphragm suspension) and not by acoustic loading from an enclosure. This implies that cone motion at the lowest frequencies will be larger at the same output level than in a more usual enclosure, and that power handling will be accordingly limited. Especially at lower frequencies, dipole drivers tend to be large and flat, and necessarily open at both front and back. Common examples include electrostatic or ribbon drivers, though a conventional cone driver mounted in an open baffle also works as a dipole loudspeaker. All of these variations are characterised by a "figure-of-eight" radiation pattern in which the loudness falls towards the sides of the enclosure where interference between front and back waves is maximized. Sometimes the enclosure is modified into an "H-frame" with the driver located on a wall dividing two open compartments. Such enclosures require some control over the radiated sound from the rear of the enclosure to achieve the desired response. This is usually done by mounting two drivers, one over the other, in a push-pull configuration.
Some of the speaker cabinets referred to as dipolar arrange the two poles at an angle of about 90 degrees rather than 180 degrees, especially for wall-mounted rear speakers (e.g. Jamo C-80-SUR,[1] Castle dipoles,[2] and Theophany[3] S4).
^"C 80 SUR Surround Speaker - Description". Archived from the original on 2010-02-24. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
^"Castle adds new Dipoles to Compact Series - AVReview News and comment". Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
^http://www.theophanyloudspeakers.com/multi.php?cat=10[permanent dead link] Theophany Surround Speakers
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