This article is about the Greek letter. For the mathematical function, see digamma function.
Greek alphabet
Αα
Alpha
Νν
Nu
Ββ
Beta
Ξξ
Xi
Γγ
Gamma
Οο
Omicron
Δδ
Delta
Ππ
Pi
Εε
Epsilon
Ρρ
Rho
Ζζ
Zeta
Σσς
Sigma
Ηη
Eta
Ττ
Tau
Θθ
Theta
Υυ
Upsilon
Ιι
Iota
Φφ
Phi
Κκ
Kappa
Χχ
Chi
Λλ
Lambda
Ψψ
Psi
Μμ
Mu
Ωω
Omega
History
Archaic local variants
Ϝ
Ͱ
Ϻ
Ϙ
Ͳ
Ͷ
tsan
digamma
Diacritics
Ligatures
Numerals
ϛ (6)
ϟ (90)
ϡ (900)
Use in other languages
Bactrian
Coptic
Albanian
Related topics
Use as scientific symbols
Category
v
t
e
Digamma or wau (uppercase: Ϝ, lowercase: ϝ, numeral: ϛ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet. It originally stood for the sound /w/ but it has remained in use principally as a Greek numeral for 6. Whereas it was originally called waw or wau, its most common appellation in classical Greek is digamma; as a numeral, it was called episēmon during the Byzantine era and is now known as stigma after the Byzantine ligature combining σ-τ as ϛ.
Digamma or wau was part of the original archaic Greek alphabet as initially adopted from Phoenician. Like its model, Phoenician waw, it represented the voiced labial-velar approximant /w/ and stood in the 6th position in the alphabet between epsilon and zeta. It is the consonantal doublet of the vowel letter upsilon (/u/), which was also derived from waw but was placed near the end of the Greek alphabet. Digamma or wau is in turn the ancestor of the Latin letter F. As an alphabetic letter, it is attested in archaic and dialectal ancient Greek inscriptions until the classical period.
The shape of the letter went through a development from through , , , to or , which at that point was conflated with the σ-τ ligature . In modern print, a distinction is made between the letter in its original alphabetic role as a consonant sign, which is rendered as "Ϝ" or its modern lowercase variant "ϝ", and the numeric symbol, which is represented by "ϛ". In modern Greek, this is often replaced by the digraph στ.
Digamma or wau (uppercase: Ϝ, lowercase: ϝ, numeral: ϛ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet. It originally stood for the sound /w/ but it has remained...
In mathematics, the digamma function is defined as the logarithmic derivative of the gamma function: ψ ( z ) = d d z ln Γ ( z ) = Γ ′ ( z ) Γ ( z )...
ultimately descended from digamma and closely resembles it in form. After sound changes eliminated /w/ from spoken Greek, digamma was used only as a numeral...
should not be confused with the "open O" letter. (Ɔ) Ⅎ, a turned F or digamma (digamma inversum) to be used instead of the letter V when denoting the consonantal...
from the Phoenician waw. The letter was adapted, but split in two, with Digamma or wau ⟨Ϝ⟩ being adapted to represent [w], and the second one being Upsilon...
The hypothetical particle was denoted by the Greek letter Ϝ (pronounced digamma) in the scientific literature, owing to the decay channel in which the...
languages in the 1920s and 1930s. It is not to be confused with the turned digamma ⟨Ⅎ ⅎ⟩ or with turned f ⟨ɟ⟩. Epitaph of Fuscus at Arrien-en-Bethmale (Ariège)...
functional values of the classic eta versus epsilon system. The letter Digamma (Ϝ) for the sound /w/ was generally used only in those local scripts where...
of its Phoenician values, but with different forms: as the Greek letter digamma for the consonant [w], and as the letter upsilon for the vowel [u]. Upsilon...
The shape of the rune is likely based on Etruscan v ⟨𐌅⟩ ⟨⟩, like Greek Digamma ⟨Ϝ⟩ and Latin ⟨F⟩ ultimately from Phoenician waw ⟨⟩.[citation needed] The...
^{(0)}(z)=\psi (z)={\frac {\Gamma '(z)}{\Gamma (z)}}} holds where ψ(z) is the digamma function and Γ(z) is the gamma function. They are holomorphic on C ∖ Z...
not been dropped from the Athenian alphabet (although kept for numbers): digamma, koppa, and sampi. The position of those characters within the numbering...
alphabet were used with the addition of three archaic or local letters: digamma/wau (Ϝ, , originally denoting the sound /w/) for "6", koppa (Ϙ, originally...
epsilon). A doublet of waw was also borrowed as a consonant for [w] (Ϝ, digamma). In addition, the Phoenician letter for the emphatic glottal /ħ/ (heth)...
so the 24-letter alphabet was extended by using three obsolete letters: digamma ϝ (also used are stigma ϛ or, in modern Greek, στ) for 6, qoppa ϙ for 90...
The earliest attested form is Aḯdēs (Ἀΐδης), which lacks the proposed digamma. Martin Litchfield West argues instead for an original meaning of "the...
employed digamma inconsistently, sometimes allowing it to affect syllable length and meter, sometimes not. The ratio of observance/neglect of digamma varies...
in the Laconian dialect of ancient Greek spell her name with an initial digamma (Ϝ, probably pronounced like a w), which rules out any etymology originally...
ζ (zeta) but the number 6 was represented a revived ancient letter ′ϝ (digamma), followed by ′ζ which was pushed up from 6th to its ancient position (7th)...
was originally καλϝὸν, and the digamma was still felt enough to lengthen the syllable by position. Since the digamma was being lost during the time when...
ψ1(z)=ddzψ(z){\displaystyle \psi _{1}(z)={\frac {d}{dz}}\psi (z)} where ψ(z) is the digamma function. It may also be defined as the sum of the series ψ1(z)=∑n=0∞1(z+n)2...
Greek alphabet History Archaic local variants Ϝ Ͱ Ϻ Ϙ Ͳ Ͷ tsan digamma Diacritics Ligatures Numerals ϛ (6) ϟ (90) ϡ (900) Use in other languages Bactrian...
Greek alphabet History Archaic local variants Ϝ Ͱ Ϻ Ϙ Ͳ Ͷ tsan digamma Diacritics Ligatures Numerals ϛ (6) ϟ (90) ϡ (900) Use in other languages Bactrian...
Greek alphabet History Archaic local variants Ϝ Ͱ Ϻ Ϙ Ͳ Ͷ tsan digamma Diacritics Ligatures Numerals ϛ (6) ϟ (90) ϡ (900) Use in other languages Bactrian...
initialized by plaintext (XORed with w0). In each round of ϝ {\displaystyle \digamma } , the state is transformed via operations τ , M , S {\displaystyle \tau...
which employed the entire alphabet, including the nonstandard letters digamma, stigma, or sigma-tau (placed between epsilon and zeta), koppa (placed...
Global Information
through 
, 
, 
, 
to 
or 
, which at that point was conflated with the σ-τ ligature 
. In modern print, a distinction is made between the letter in its original alphabetic role as a consonant sign, which is rendered as "Ϝ" or its modern lowercase variant "ϝ", and the numeric symbol, which is represented by "ϛ". In modern Greek, this is often replaced by the digraph στ.