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Dendrogram of a hierarchical clustering (UPGMA) with the height of the nodes (adapted from bacterial 5S rRNA sequence data[1]).Dendrogram output for hierarchical clustering of marine provinces using presence / absence of sponge species.[2]A dendrogram of the Tree of Life. This phylogenetic tree is adapted from Woese et al. rRNA analysis.[3] The vertical line at bottom represents the last universal common ancestor (LUCA).Heatmap of RNA-Seq data showing two dendrograms in the left and top margins.
A dendrogram is a diagram representing a tree. This diagrammatic representation is frequently used in different contexts:
in hierarchical clustering, it illustrates the arrangement of the clusters produced by the corresponding analyses.[4]
in computational biology, it shows the clustering of genes or samples, sometimes in the margins of heatmaps.[5]
in phylogenetics, it displays the evolutionary relationships among various biological taxa. In this case, the dendrogram is also called a phylogenetic tree.[6]
The name dendrogram derives from the two ancient greek words δένδρον (déndron), meaning "tree", and γράμμα (grámma), meaning "drawing, mathematical figure".[7][8]
^Swofford DL, Olsen GJ, Waddell PJ, Hillis DM (1996). "Phylogenetic inference". In Hillis DM, Moritz C, Mable BK (eds.). Molecular Systematics, 2nd edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. pp. 407–514. ISBN 9780878932825.
^Van Soest R, Boury-Esnault N, Vacelet J, Dohrmann M, Erpenbeck D, De Voogd N, Santodomingo N, Vanhoorne B, Kelly M, Hooper J (2012). "Global Diversity of Sponges (Porifera)". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e35105. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...735105V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035105. PMC 3338747. PMID 22558119.
^Woese, Carl R.; Kandler, O; Wheelis, M (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya" (PDF). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87 (12): 4576–4579. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744.
^Everitt, Brian (1998). Dictionary of Statistics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-521-59346-8.
^Wilkinson, Leland; Friendly, Michael (May 2009). "The History of the Cluster Heat Map". The American Statistician. 63 (2): 179–184. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.165.7924. doi:10.1198/tas.2009.0033. S2CID 122792460.
^"Phylogenetic tree (biology)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-10-22.
^Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 2010035283. OCLC 461974285.
^Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
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