Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references
Chemical compound
Denatonium, usually available as denatonium benzoate (under trade names such as Denatrol, BITTERANT-b, BITTER+PLUS, Bitrex, Bitrix, and Aversion) and as denatonium saccharide (BITTERANT-s), is the most bitter chemical compound known, with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for the benzoate and 0.01 ppm for the saccharide.[1]
It was discovered in 1958 during research on local anesthetics by T.& H. Smith of Edinburgh, Scotland, and registered under the trademark Bitrex.[2]
Dilutions of as little as 10 ppm are unbearably bitter to most humans. Denatonium salts are usually colorless and odorless solids, but are often traded as solutions. They are used as aversive agents (bitterants) to prevent inappropriate ingestion. Denatonium is used in denatured alcohol,[3] antifreeze, preventive nail biting preparations, respirator mask fit-testing, animal repellents, liquid soaps, shampoos, and Nintendo Switch game cards to prevent accidental swallowing or choking by children. It is not known to pose any long-term health risks.[1]
The name denatonium reflects the substance's primary use as a denaturant and its chemical nature as a cation, hence -onium as a Neo-Latin suffix.
^ abFinal Report Study of Aversive Agents(PDF). Consumer Product Safety Commission United States of America. 18 November 1992. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
^"Bitrex(R) — Branded Denatonium Benzoate". Macfarlan Smith. Archived from the original on 2010-08-17. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
^"Ethanol Denaturants". The Online Distillery Network. 1993-11-22. Archived from the original on 2015-05-10. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
Denatonium, usually available as denatonium benzoate (under trade names such as Denatrol, BITTERANT-b, BITTER+PLUS, Bitrex, Bitrix, and Aversion) and...
and methanol, each and together, make denatured alcohol poisonous; and denatonium makes it bitter. Denatured alcohol is used as a solvent and as fuel for...
Denatonium acetate (ARD-101) is an experimental anti-obesity drug that is a prodrug of the bitter compound denatonium, which is thought to be an agonist...
ethanol to render it unfit to drink. These include bittering agents such as denatonium benzoate and toxins such as methanol, naphtha, and pyridine. Products...
when eating). Game cartridges for the Nintendo Switch are coated with denatonium as a safety feature to deter small children from ingesting them. Some...
Denatonium, a very bitter chemical, is sometimes employed as an aversive substance in special nail polishes intended to reduce or discourage nail biting...
following the COVID-19 pandemic. "Turkish Food Safety Ministry plans to add denatonium benzoate to ethyl alcohol (in Turkish)". Yalav-Heckeroth, Feride (29 December...
colours, which may be appealing to children, often contain agents such as denatonium. However, the efficacy of using bittering agents for this purpose is not...
millimetres (1.22 in × 0.83 in × 0.12 in), Nintendo coats each cartridge with denatonium benzoate, a non-toxic bitterant used to discourage children from ingesting...
100 ml more than 355 mg of sucrose octaacetate or more than 1.40 mg of denatonium benzoate. The preparation may be colored with one or more color additives...
psychoactive pharmaceuticals usually include bitter chemicals such as denatonium in order to discourage abuse and also to discourage children from eating...
agents, and sometimes perfumes and colorants. Aversive agents, such as denatonium, are occasionally added to cleaning products to discourage animals and...
is to apply a clear, bitter-tasting nail polish to the nails. Normally denatonium benzoate is used, the most bitter chemical compound known. The bitter...
Because of their small size, Nintendo Switch game cards are coated with denatonium benzoate, a non-toxic bitterant, as a safety precaution against accidental...
seventeen US states (as of 2012) require the addition of a bitter flavoring (denatonium benzoate) to antifreeze. In December 2012, US antifreeze manufacturers...
Mullins ME, Zane Horowitz B (2004). "Was it necessary to add Bitrex (denatonium benzoate) to automotive products?". Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 46...
narrator's entire company. Later, the alcohol in Aqua Velva was denatured with denatonium benzoate. In a nod to the blue color, a cocktail called Aqua Velva is...
producing an unpleasantly pungent flavor. Denaturation (food) Adulterant Denatonium Final Report Study of Aversive Agents (PDF). Consumer Product Safety Commission...
than there are TAS2R genes. Common bitter ligands include cycloheximide, denatonium, PROP (6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil), PTC (phenylthiocarbamide), and β-glucopyranosides...
rare. In an effort to prevent poisoning, often a bittering agent called denatonium benzoate, known by the trade name Bitrex, is added to ethylene glycol...
lutea, and the most bitter substance known is the synthetic chemical denatonium, which has an index of 1,000. It is used as an aversive agent (a bitterant)...
of Santa Clara, Cuban President Fulgencio Batista flees the country. Denatonium, the bitterest substance known, is discovered. It is used as an aversive...
toxic) to humans or animals. Most modern household disinfectants contain denatonium, an exceptionally bitter substance added to discourage ingestion, as a...
antileishmanial activity in animal models being an inhibitor of topoisomerase I. Denatonium Keil*, Michael; Härtle, Birgit; Guillaume, Anna; Psiorz, Manfred (2000)...
locomotive South Dakota Highway 40 SD-40 alcohol, ethanol denatured by adding denatonium benzoate School District 40 New Westminster, a British Columbian school...
Lignocaine, the company had discovered the bitterest known substance, Denatonium. Developed as a denaturant for industrial alcohol, in the 1970s it was...
(e.g., the difference between two bitter tastants, such as quinine and denatonium). In this way, both rate coding and temporal coding may be used in the...
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