Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)
Preceded by Army for the Liberation of Rwanda
Hutu militants
Rwandan genocide (1994)
Impuzamugambi
Interahamwe
Rwandan Armed Forces
Refugee crisis
RDR (1995–1996)
1st and 2nd Congo War
ALiR (1996–2001)
FDLR (2000–present)
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The Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (French: Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda, FDLR) (Kinyarwanda: Ingabo za demokarasi zo kubohoza u Rwanda) is an armed rebel group active in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.[2] As an ethnic Hutu group opposed to the ethnic Tutsi influence, the FDLR is one of the last factions of Rwandan rebels active in the Congo. It was founded through an amalgamation of other groups of Rwandan refugees in September 2000, including the former Army for the Liberation of Rwanda (ALiR), under the leadership of Paul Rwarakabije.[3] It was active during the latter phases of the Second Congo War and the subsequent insurgencies in Kivu.
As of December 2009, Major General Sylvestre Mudacumura was the FDLR's overall military commander. He was the former deputy commander of the FAR Presidential Guard in Rwanda in 1994.[4] Mudacumura was killed by DRC security in 2019. The FDLR made a partial separation between its military and civilian wings in September 2003 when a formal armed branch, the Forces Combattantes Abacunguzi (FOCA), was created.[4]
According to the U.S. National Counterterrorism Center, the FDLR is believed to be responsible for about a dozen terrorist attacks committed in 2009.[5] These acts of terrorism have killed hundreds of civilians in Eastern Congo.
^"FDLR Has 5,000 Combatants In Four DR Congo Provinces". News of Rwanda. 29 October 2015. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
^Autesserre, Séverine; Gbowee, Leymah (2021-05-03). The Frontlines of Peace: An Insider's Guide to Changing the World (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197530351.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-753035-1.
^Cite error: The named reference ICG03 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abHans Romkena, De Vennhoop Opportunities and Constraints for the Disarmament and Repatriation of Foreign Armed Groups in the DRC, Multi Country Demobilization and Recovery Program, April 2007, report on FDLR described as 'excellent' by Prunier 2009.
^2009 Report on Terrorism. U.S. National Counterterrorism Center. Office of the Director of National Intelligence. April 30, 2010.
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