In mechanics, a cylinder stress is a stress distribution with rotational symmetry; that is, which remains unchanged if the stressed object is rotated about some fixed axis.
Cylinder stress patterns include:
circumferential stress, or hoop stress, a normal stress in the tangential (azimuth) direction.
axial stress, a normal stress parallel to the axis of cylindrical symmetry.
radial stress, a normal stress in directions coplanar with but perpendicular to the symmetry axis.
These three principal stresses- hoop, longitudinal, and radial can be calculated analytically using a mutually perpendicular tri-axial stress system.[1]
The classical example (and namesake) of hoop stress is the tension applied to the iron bands, or hoops, of a wooden barrel. In a straight, closed pipe, any force applied to the cylindrical pipe wall by a pressure differential will ultimately give rise to hoop stresses. Similarly, if this pipe has flat end caps, any force applied to them by static pressure will induce a perpendicular axial stress on the same pipe wall. Thin sections often have negligibly small radial stress, but accurate models of thicker-walled cylindrical shells require such stresses to be considered.
In thick-walled pressure vessels, construction techniques allowing for favorable initial stress patterns can be utilized. These compressive stresses at the inner surface reduce the overall hoop stress in pressurized cylinders. Cylindrical vessels of this nature are generally constructed from concentric cylinders shrunk over (or expanded into) one another, i.e., built-up shrink-fit cylinders, but can also be performed to singular cylinders though autofrettage of thick cylinders.[2]
^"Advanced Structural Analysis" (PDF). Swansea University. 2020. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2019.
^Harvey, John F. (1974). "Theory and Design of Modern Pressure Vessels". Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 60–61.
axis. Cylinderstress patterns include: circumferential stress, or hoop stress, a normal stress in the tangential (azimuth) direction. axial stress, a normal...
20 times) greater than the wall thickness. Stress in a thin-walled pressure vessel in the shape of a cylinder is σ θ = p r t {\displaystyle \sigma _{\theta...
r is the inside radius of the cylinder. σ θ {\displaystyle \sigma _{\theta }\!} is the cylinderstress or "hoop stress". For the thin-walled assumption...
For cylindrical pressure vessels, the normal loads on a wall element are longitudinal stress, circumferential (hoop) stress and radial stress. The radial...
be assumed to have plane stress for the purpose of stress analysis. This is the case, for example, of a thin-walled cylinder filled with a fluid under...
Shear stress (often denoted by τ, Greek: tau) is the component of stress coplanar with a material cross section. It arises from the shear force, the component...
Pneumatic cylinder, also known as air cylinder, is a mechanical device which uses the power of compressed gas to produce a force in a reciprocating linear...
respectively, this localized movement of material causes thermal stresses. Imagine heating a cylinder, first the surface rises in temperature and the center remains...
occurring in cases where a convex surface (male cylinder or sphere) contacts a concave surface (female cylinder or sphere: bore or hemispherical cup). Excessive...
The Cyrus Cylinder is an ancient clay cylinder, now broken into several pieces, on which is written an Achaemenid royal inscription in Akkadian cuneiform...
A diving cylinder or diving gas cylinder is a gas cylinder used to store and transport high pressure gas used in diving operations. This may be breathing...
{\displaystyle s} is called deviatoric stress. This equation defines the yield surface as a circular cylinder (See Figure) whose yield curve, or intersection...
mechanics is between stresses acting perpendicular to the contacting bodies' surfaces (known as normal stress) and frictional stresses acting tangentially...
also perform as cylinder mounting components [cap flange, cap trunnion, cap clevis]. Capsize is determined based on the bending stress. A static seal /...
A gas cylinder is a pressure vessel for storage and containment of gases at above atmospheric pressure. High-pressure gas cylinders are also called bottles...
residual stress in a beam. For example, the four point bend allows inserting residual stress by applying a load on a beam using two cylinders. There are...
exert a great deal of stress on the crane, as in most designs the cylinder is only held closed at one point, the rear of the cylinder. Stronger designs,...
highly stressed static seal in an engine, and was a source of considerable trouble in early years. The monobloc cylinder head forms both cylinder and head...
camshaft journals, and offset cylinder placement in an attempt for increased efficiency. The MR engine family features 'under stress' manufacture, meaning while...
density of the cylinder, r {\displaystyle r} is the radius of the cylinder, and ω {\displaystyle \omega } is the angular velocity of the cylinder. A rimmed...