Crustal magnetism is the magnetic field of the crust of a planetary body.[1][2] The crustal magnetism of Earth has been studied; in particular, various magnetic crustal anomalies have been studied.[1] Two examples of crustal magnetic anomalies on Earth that have been studied in the Americas are the Brunswick magnetic anomaly (BMA) and East Coast magnetic anomaly (ECMA).[1] Also, there can be a correlation between physical geological features and certain readings from crustal magnetism on Earth.[3] Below the surface of the Earth, the crustal magnetism is lost because the temperature rises above the curie temperature of the materials producing the field.[2]
On Mars the crustal magnetic fields have been noted as affecting its ionosphere.[4][5] (See also Atmosphere of Mars) The magnetic fields on Mars from its rocks and crust are thought to come from ferromagnetism and if the material is heated above its curie temperature the magnetic imprint is un-done.[5] The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) discovered magnetic stripes in the crust of Mars, especially in the Phaethontis and Eridania quadrangles (Terra Cimmeria and Terra Sirenum).[6][7] The magnetometer on MGS discovered 100 km (62 mi) wide stripes of magnetized crust running roughly parallel for up to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi). These stripes alternate in polarity, with the north magnetic pole of one pointing up from the surface and the north magnetic pole of the next pointing down.[8][9] When similar stripes were discovered on Earth in the 1960s, they were taken as evidence of plate tectonics. Researchers believe these magnetic stripes on Mars are evidence for a short, early period of plate tectonic activity.[10][11][12] Only roughly half of Mars seems to have a crustal magnetic field; there are several possible explanations for this, such as that an internal dynamo only affected part of the planet, or that a body struck Mars in the past destroying the magnetism.[13]
Lunar crustal magnetism has also been discovered and studied.[14] The Lunar Prospector probe of the 1990s mapped the lunar crustal magnetic field across the whole globe of the Moon for the first time.[15] This allowed the impact on magnetic fields of previously identified impact basins to be studied.[16] The impact basins Orientale and Imbrium had some of the weakest magnetic fields in the survey, and additional study puts constraints on the existence of steady ambient lunar magnetic fields in the Moon's past given the assumptions of the data and collection techniques.[16] Remnant crustal magnetic fields are studied on Moon as in this case, and have also been examined on Earth and on Mars.[16] However, these are the only bodies that have by the early 21st century been studied, though it is predicted other bodies will have this geological feature.[16]
^ abc"GSA Today - Crustal magnetism, tectonic inheritance, and continental rifting in the southeastern United States". Geosociety.org. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
^ abTreatise on Geophysics. Google Books: Elsevier. 2015-04-17. p. 187. ISBN 9780444538031.
^Ravat, Dhananjay (2007). "Crustal Magnetic Field". In Gubbins, David; Herrero-Bervera, Emilio (eds.). Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism. Springer Netherlands. pp. 140–144. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4423-6_58. ISBN 9781402039928.
^"Mars' ionosphere shaped by crustal magnetic fields". Phys.org. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
^ ab"Mars' ionosphere shaped by crustal magnetic fields". Sci.esa.int. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
^Barlow, N. 2008. Mars: An Introduction to its Interior, Surface and Atmosphere. Cambridge University Press
^Forget, François; Costard, François; Lognonné, Philippe (2007-12-12). Planet Mars: Story of Another World. ISBN 978-0-387-48925-4.
^Taylor, Fredric W. (2009-12-10). The Scientific Exploration of Mars. ISBN 978-0-521-82956-4.
^Barlow, Nadine (2008-01-10). Mars: An Introduction to its Interior, Surface and Atmosphere. ISBN 978-0-521-85226-5.
^Connerney, J. et al. 1999. Magnetic lineations in the ancient crust of Mars. Science: 284. 794-798.
^Langlais, B. et al. 2004. Crustal magnetic field of Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research. 109: EO2008
^Sprenke, K.; Baker, L. (2000). "Magnetization, paleomagnetic poles, and polar wander on Mars". Icarus. 147 (1): 26–34. Bibcode:2000Icar..147...26S. doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6439.
^"Why is only half of Mars magnetized?". Planetary.org. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
^Jasper S. Halekas; Robert P. Lin. "Determining Lunar Crustal Magnetic Fields and Their Origin" (PDF). Lpi.usra.edu. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
^Mitchell, D.L.; Halekas, J.S.; Lin, R.P.; Frey, S.; Hood, L.L.; Acuña, M.H.; Binder, A. (2008). "Global mapping of lunar crustal magnetic fields by Lunar Prospector". Icarus. 194 (2): 401–409. Bibcode:2008Icar..194..401M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.027.
Crustalmagnetism is the magnetic field of the crust of a planetary body. The crustalmagnetism of Earth has been studied; in particular, various magnetic...
persisted up to) ~3.8 billion years ago. The distribution of Martian crustalmagnetism is similar to the Martian dichotomy. Whereas the Martian northern...
terrestrial magnetic anomalies in magnetic surveys as well as the strong crustalmagnetism on Mars. Strongly magnetic minerals have properties that depend on...
D.L.; Lin, R.P.; Rème, H. (2005). "Tectonic implications of Mars crustalmagnetism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (42): 14970–175...
(2012). "Constraints on the Formation of the Martian Crustal Dichotomy from Remnant CrustalMagnetism". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 212:...
ISBN 9783319207568. Purucker, Michael E.; Whaler, Kathryn A. "6. Crustalmagnetism". In Kono, M. (ed.). Geomagnetism (PDF). Treatise on Geophysics. Vol...
2010-12-16. Connerney, J.; et al. (2005). "Tectonic implications of Mars crustalmagnetism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 102...
Machine Connerney, J. E. P. (2005). "Tectonic implications of Mars crustalmagnetism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (42): 14970–14975...
have conjectured that the volcano's formation may have been related to crustal weakening from the Hellas impact, which produced strong seismic waves that...
observations and can in a way be considered as one of the discoverers of crustalmagnetism. He also discovered spatial variations of Declination in some points...
in rock magnetism and overlaps with biomagnetism, magnetic fabrics (used as strain indicators in rocks and soils), and environmental magnetism. As early...
DL; Lin, RP; Reme, H; et al. (2005). "Tectonic implications of Mars crustalmagnetism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 102...
crustalmagnetism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 102: 14970–14975 Acuna, M. et al. 1999. Global distribution of crustal...
L.; Lin, R. P.; Reme, H. (2005). "Tectonic implications of Mars crustalmagnetism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (42): 14970–14975...
EO2008 Connerney, J.; et al. (2005). "Tectonic implications of Mars crustalmagnetism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 102...
colour, streak, tenacity, cleavage, fracture, parting, specific gravity, magnetism, fluorescence, radioactivity, as well as its taste or smell and its reaction...
NF; Kletetschka, G; et al. (2005). "Tectonic implications of Mars crustalmagnetism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (42): 14970–14975...
his name, this work contains a variety of accurate observations about magnetism, and features a lucid exposition of the nature of magnetic induction....
because the color is similar to pyrite and it is weakly magnetic. The magnetism decreases as the iron content increases, and troilite is non-magnetic...
of the English Language. p. 1405. Thomas Dixon Lockwood, Electricity, Magnetism, and Electric Telegraphy. D. Van Nostrand Co., 1883. 375 pages. p. 42...
Hadean zircon is the oldest-surviving crustal material from the Earth's earliest geological time period, the Hadean eon, about 4 billion years ago. Zircon...
Ali, Jason R.; Anderson, Charles D. (1995), "The Philippine Sea Plate: Magnetism and reconstructions", Active Margins and Marginal Basins of the Western...
Paul (April 2019). Prospects for an ancient dynamo and modern crustal remnant magnetism on Venus. 21st EGU General Assembly, EGU2019, Proceedings from...
the Photosphere (University of South Wales). Solar Lower Atmosphere and Magnetism (MPS) Portals: Astronomy Spaceflight Outer space Solar System Science...
model argues that weak electric fields created by interaction between the crustal magnetic anomalies and the solar wind plasma could attract or repel electrically...
troilite lacks the iron deficiency which gives pyrrhotite its characteristic magnetism, troilite is non-magnetic. Troilite can be found as a native mineral on...
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