Venus information

Venus
	True colour image of Venus, as captured by MESSENGER. A global layer of bright sulfuric acid clouds permanently obscures the Venusian surface.
Designations
Pronunciation	/ˈviːnəs/ ⓘ
Named after	Roman goddess of love (see goddess Venus)
Adjectives	Venusian /vɪˈnjuːziən, -ʒən/, rarely Cytherean /sɪθəˈriːən/ or Venerean / Venerian /vɪˈnɪəriən/
Symbol
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch J2000
Aphelion	0.728213 AU (108.94 million km)
Perihelion	0.718440 AU (107.48 million km)
Semi-major axis	0.723332 AU (108.21 million km)
Eccentricity	0.006772
Orbital period (sidereal)	224.701 d; 0.615198 yr; 1.92 Venus solar day;
Orbital period (synodic)	583.92 days
Average orbital speed	35.02 km/s
Mean anomaly	50.115°
Inclination	3.39458° to ecliptic; 3.86° to Sun's equator; 2.15° to invariable plane;
Longitude of ascending node	76.680°
Argument of perihelion	54.884°
Satellites	None
Physical characteristics
Mean radius	6,051.8±1.0 km; 0.9499 Earths;
Flattening	0
Surface area	4.6023×108 km2; 0.902 Earths;
Volume	9.2843×1011 km3; 0.857 Earths;
Mass	4.8675×1024 kg; 0.815 Earths;
Mean density	5.243 g/cm3
Surface gravity	8.87 m/s2; 0.904 g;
Escape velocity	10.36 km/s (6.44 mi/s)
Synodic rotation period	−116.75 d (retrograde) ; 1 Venus solar day
Sidereal rotation period	−243.0226 d (retrograde)
Equatorial rotation velocity	6.52 km/h (1.81 m/s)
Axial tilt	2.64° (for retrograde rotation); 177.36° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension	18h 11m 2s; 272.76°;
North pole declination	67.16°
Albedo	0.689 (geometric); 0.76 (Bond);
Temperature	232 K (−41 °C) (blackbody temperature)
Surface absorbed dose rate	2.1×10−6 μGy/h
Surface equivalent dose rate	2.2×10−6 μSv/h; 0.092–22 μSv/h at cloud level
Apparent magnitude	−4.92 to −2.98
Absolute magnitude (H)	−4.4
Angular diameter	9.7″–66.0″
Atmosphere
Surface pressure	93 bar (9.3 MPa); 92 atm
Composition by volume	96.5% carbon dioxide; 3.5% nitrogen; 0.015% sulphur dioxide; 0.0070% argon; 0.0020% water vapour; 0.0017% carbon monoxide; 0.0012% helium; 0.0007% neon; Trace carbonyl sulfide; Trace hydrogen chloride; Trace hydrogen fluoride;
	^ Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts Ishtar Terra in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64°. Following the right-hand rule for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the negative hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36°. ;

Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is a terrestrial planet and is the closest in mass and size to its orbital neighbour Earth. Venus is notable for having the densest atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, composed mostly of carbon dioxide with a thick, global sulfuric acid cloud cover. At the surface it has a mean temperature of 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F) and a pressure of 92 times that of Earth's at sea level. These conditions are extreme enough to compress carbon dioxide into a supercritical state close to Venus's surface.

Internally, Venus has a core, mantle, and crust. Venus lacks an internal dynamo, and its weak induced magnetosphere is instead caused by atmospheric interactions with the solar wind. Internal heat escapes through active volcanism, resulting in resurfacing instead of plate tectonics. Venus is one of two planets in the Solar System that have no moons.^[20] Conditions perhaps favourable for life on Venus have been identified at its cloud layers. Venus may have had liquid surface water early in its history with a habitable environment,^[21]^[22] before a runaway greenhouse effect evaporated any water and turned Venus into its present state.^[23]^[24]^[25]

The rotation of Venus has been slowed and turned against its orbital direction (retrograde) by the strong currents and drag of its atmosphere. It takes 224.7 Earth days for Venus to complete an orbit around the Sun, and a Venusian solar year is just under two Venusian days long. The orbits of Venus and Earth are the closest between any two Solar System planets, approaching each other in synodic periods of 1.6 years. Venus and Earth have the lowest difference in gravitational potential of any pair of Solar System planets. This allows Venus to be the most accessible destination and a useful gravity assist waypoint for interplanetary flights from Earth.

Venus has historically been a common and important object for humans, in both their cultures and astronomy. Orbiting inferiorly (inside of Earth's orbit), it always appears close to the Sun in Earth's sky, as either a "morning star" or an "evening star". While this is also true for Mercury, Venus appears more prominent, since it is the third brightest object in Earth's sky after the Moon and the Sun.^[26]^[27]

In 1961, Venus became the target of the first interplanetary flight, Venera 1, followed by many essential interplanetary firsts, such as the first soft landing on another planet by Venera 7 in 1970. These probes demonstrated the extreme surface conditions, an insight that has informed predictions about global warming on Earth.^[28]^[29] This finding ended the theories and then popular science fiction about Venus being a habitable or inhabited planet.

^ Cite error: The named reference Lexico_Venusian was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Cytherean". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ "Venerean, Venerian". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
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[13] Defining the rotation as retrograde, as done by NASA space missions and the USGS, puts Ishtar Terra in the northern hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 2.64°. Following the right-hand rule for prograde rotation puts Ishtar Terra in the negative hemisphere and makes the axial tilt 177.36°.

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[2] "Cytherean". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

[3] "Venerean, Venerian". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

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[IMCCE-20] "Encyclopedia – the brightest bodies". IMCCE. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.

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