Global InformationCristero War information
| Cristero War | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Map of Mexico showing regions in which Cristero outbreaks occurred Large-scale outbreaks Moderate outbreaks Sporadic outbreaks | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
|
 United States |
Knights of Columbus | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Plutarco Elías Calles Emilio Portes Gil Joaquín Amaro Domínguez Saturnino Cedillo Heliodoro Charis Marcelino García Barragán Jaime Carrillo Genovevo Rivas Guillén Álvaro Obregón † |
 Enrique Gorostieta Velarde † José Reyes Vega † Alberto B. Gutiérrez Aristeo Pedroza Andrés Salazar Carlos Carranza Bouquet † Dionisio Eduardo Ochoa † Barraza Damaso Domingo Anaya † Jesús Degollado Guízar Luis Navarro Origel † Lauro Rocha Lucas Cuevas † Matías Villa Michel Miguel Márquez Anguiano Manuel Michel Victoriano Ramírez † Victorino Bárcenas † | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
~100,000 men (1929) |
~50,000 men and women (1929) | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
56,882 dead |
30,000–50,000 dead | ||||||
|
Estimated 250,000 dead 250,000 fled to the United States (mostly non-combatants) | |||||||
The Cristero War (Spanish: La Guerra Cristera), also known as the Cristero Rebellion or La Cristiada [la kɾisˈtjaða], was a widespread struggle in central and western Mexico from 3 August 1926 to 21 June 1929[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] in response to the implementation of secularist and anticlerical articles of the 1917 Constitution. The rebellion was instigated as a response to an executive decree by Mexican President Plutarco Elías Calles to strictly enforce Article 130 of the Constitution, a decision[clarification needed] known as the Calles Law.[9][10][11] Calles sought to limit the power of the Catholic Church in Mexico, its affiliated organizations and to suppress popular religiosity.[12][13][11][14]
The rural uprising in north-central Mexico was tacitly supported by the Church hierarchy, and was aided by urban Catholic supporters.[15] The Mexican Army received support from the United States. American Ambassador Dwight Morrow brokered negotiations between the Calles government and the Church. The government made some concessions, the Church withdrew its support for the Cristero fighters, and the conflict ended in 1929.[16][17][18][19][20][21] The rebellion has been variously interpreted as a major event in the struggle between church and state that dates back to the 19th century with the War of Reform, as the last major peasant uprising in Mexico after the end of the military phase of the Mexican Revolution in 1920, and as a counter-revolutionary uprising by prosperous peasants and urban elites against the revolution's rural and agrarian reforms.[22][23][24][25]
- ^ Young, Julia G. (2 September 2020), Beezley, William (ed.), "Revolution and the Cristeros", The Oxford Handbook of Mexican History (1 ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190699192.013.29, ISBN 978-0-19-069919-2, retrieved 6 March 2024
- ^ Fallaw, Ben (13 January 2021), Beezley, William (ed.), "Religion and Revolution, Mexico: 1910–1940", The Oxford Handbook of Mexican History (1 ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190699192.013.25, ISBN 978-0-19-069919-2, retrieved 16 April 2024
- ^ González, Fernando Manuel (1 January 2001). Matar y morir por Cristo Rey: aspectos de la cristiada (in Spanish). Plaza y Valdes. pp. 21–74. ISBN 978-968-856-906-1.
- ^ Piña, Ulices (22 February 2017). "The Different Roads to Rebellion: Socialist Education and the Second Cristero Rebellion in Jalisco, 1934-1939". Letras Históricas. 16: 165–192. doi:10.31836/lh.16.6562.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:12was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Fallaw2013was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
:11was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Reich, Peter L. (1995). Mexico's hidden revolution: the Catholic Church in law and politics since 1929. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 978-0-585-31304-7. OCLC 45730461.
- ^ Buchenau, Jürgen (2015). "The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1946". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.21. ISBN 978-0-19-936643-9.
- ^ Meyer, Jean A. (1973). La Cristiada: por Jean Meyer ; traducción de Aurelio Garzón del Camino. OCLC 2406696.[page needed]
- ^ a b De Bonfil, Alicia Olivera. "Aspectos del conflicto religioso de 1926 a 1929". Mediateca – Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:4was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Butler, Matthew (2007). "Trouble Afoot? Pilgrimage in Cristero Mexico City". Faith and Impiety in Revolutionary Mexico. pp. 149–166. doi:10.1057/9780230608801_8. ISBN 978-1-349-53926-0.
- ^ Kloppe-Santamaría, Gema (April 2022). "Martyrs, Fanatics, and Pious Militants: Religious Violence and the Secular State in 1930s Mexico". The Americas. 79 (2): 197–227. doi:10.1017/tam.2021.149. S2CID 247409376.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:9was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Olimón Nolasco, Manuel (2008). Diplomacia insólita: el conflicto religioso en México y las negociaciones cupulares (1926–1929). Colección Historia de la iglesia en México; 1. México: IMDOSOC. ISBN 978-968-6839-99-9.[page needed]
- ^ Fernández, José Luis Soberanes; Barney, Oscar Cruz (2015). Los arreglos del presidente Portes Gil con la jerarquía católica y el fin de la guerra cristera: aspectos jurídicos e históricos. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas. ISBN 978-607-02-6651-5.[page needed]
- ^ Valvo, Paolo (2020). La libertà religiosa in Messico: dalla rivoluzione alle sfide dell'attualità. Studium edizioni. ISBN 978-88-382-4842-9.[page needed]
- ^ Serafini, Chiara; Valvo, Paolo (2 February 2023). La Cristiada. Fe, guerra y diplomacia en México (1926-1929). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas. ISBN 978-607-30-7247-2.[page needed]
- ^ Olimón Nolasco, Manuel (2008). Confrontación extrema: el quebranto del modus vivendi (1931-1933). Colección Historia de la iglesia en México; 4. México: IMDOSOC. ISBN 978-968-9074-28-1.
- ^ Olimón Nolasco, Manuel (2008). Paz a medias: el modus vivendi entre la Iglesia y el Estado y su crisis (1929–1931). Colección Hstoria de la iglesia en México; 3. México: IMDOSOC. ISBN 978-968-9074-21-2.
- ^ Meyer, Jean A.; Pérez-Rincón, Héctor (2004). La revolución mexicana (in Spanish). Tusquets Editores. ISBN 978-970-699-084-6.[page needed]
- ^ Knight, Alan (2007). "The Mentality and Modus Operandi of Revolutionary Anticlericalism". Faith and Impiety in Revolutionary Mexico. pp. 21–56. doi:10.1057/9780230608801_2. ISBN 978-1-349-53926-0.
- ^ Schwaller, John Frederick (2011). The History of the Catholic Church in Latin America: From Conquest to Revolution and Beyond. NYU Press. pp. 189–213. ISBN 978-0-8147-8360-3.
- ^ Osten, Sarah (22 February 2018). The Mexican Revolution's Wake: The Making of a Political System, 1920–1929. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-108-24680-4.