For further history of Cuba after the Cuban Revolution, see Cuba under Fidel Castro.
Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
Part of the Cold War
Che Guevara (left) and Fidel Castro (right) in 1961
Date
1959–1975
Location
Cuba
Outcome
Series of events including...
United States embargo against Cuba (1958–today)
Escambray rebellion (1959–1965)
Cuban exodus (1959–today)
Agrarian reforms in Cuba (1959–1962)
Cuban literacy campaign (1960–1961)
Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
v
t
e
Cuban Revolution
Moncada Barracks
Domingo Goicuria
Santiago de Cuba
Alegría de Pío
1st La Plata
Havana Presidential Palace
Humboldt 7
Corynthia
El Uvero
Cienfuegos
April 9 strike
Santo Domingo
Verano
2nd La Plata
Jigüe
Las Mercedes
Yaguajay
Guisa
Santa Clara
Aftermath
Escambray rebellion
Second National Front of Escambray
La Coubre explosion
Bay of Pigs
Part of a series on
Marxism–Leninism
Concepts
Administrative-command system
Anti-imperialism
Anti-revisionism
Central planning
Soviet-type economic planning
Collective farming
Collective leadership
Commanding heights of the economy
Democratic centralism
Dialectical logic
Dialectical materialism
Foco
Intensification of the class struggle under socialism
Labor aristocracy
Marxist–Leninist atheism
One-party state
Partiinost'
People's democracy
Popular front
Proletarian internationalism
Protracted people's war
Self-criticism
Social fascism
Socialism in one country
Socialist patriotism
Soviet
Yugoslav
State
Socialist
Theory of the productive forces
Third Period
Vanguardism
Wars of national liberation
Unified power
Variants
Castroism
Guevarism
Ho Chi Minh Thought
Hoxhaism
Husakism
Kádárism
Khrushchevism
Maoism
Socialism with Chinese characteristics
Stalinism
Titoism
People
Vladimir Lenin
Joseph Stalin
Mao Zedong
Ernst Thälmann
Khorloogiin Choibalsan
Ehmetjan Qasim
José Díaz
Maurice Thorez
Palmiro Togliatti
Ho Chi Minh
Võ Nguyên Giáp
Earl Browder
Nikita Khrushchev
Walter Ulbricht
Josip Broz Tito
Mátyás Rákosi
Lazar Kaganovich
Georgi Dimitrov
Bolesław Bierut
Valko Chervenkov
Klement Gottwald
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
Enver Hoxha
Kaysone Phomvihane
Khalid Bakdash
Leonid Brezhnev
Deng Xiaoping
Pol Pot
Nikos Zachariadis
Che Guevara
Fidel Castro
Agostinho Neto
Lúcio Lara
Mengistu Haile Mariam
Kim Il Sung
Chin Peng
Hardial Bains
Sanzō Nosaka
Nicolae Ceaușescu
Gustáv Husák
János Kádár
Erich Honecker
Władysław Gomułka
Samora Machel
Thomas Sankara
Mathieu Kérékou
Siad Barre
Nur Muhammad Taraki
Alfonso Cano
Rohana Wijeweera
Gus Hall
Harry Pollitt
Harpal Brar
Gennady Zyuganov
Xi Jinping
Wojciech Jaruzelski
Todor Zhivkov
Theoretical works
Foundations of Leninism
Dialectical and Historical Materialism
The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
A Critique of Soviet Economics
Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
Guerrilla Warfare
Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
President Ho Chi Minh's Testament
The Governance of China
History
Soviet Union
1927–1953
1953–1964
1964–1982
1982–1991
Great Break
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
Industrialization in the Soviet Union
Great Purge
Spanish Civil War
World War II
Great Patriotic War
Greek Civil War
Cold War
Eastern Bloc
Chinese Revolution
China
1949–1976
1976–1989
1989–2002
2002–present
Korean War
Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
De-Stalinization
Warsaw Pact
Non-Aligned Movement
Vietnam War
Sino-Soviet split
Hungarian Revolution of 1956
Great Leap Forward
Portuguese Colonial War
Black power movement
Nicaraguan Revolution
Cultural Revolution
Prague Spring
Naxalite insurgency
Revolutions of 1989
Nepalese Civil War
By country
Afghanistan
Albania
Angola
Benin
Bulgaria
Cambodia
1975–79
1979–92
China
Congo
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
Czechia
Slovakia
East Germany
Ethiopia
Grenada
Hungary
Laos
Mongolia
Mozambique
North Korea
Poland
Romania
Somalia
South Yemen
Soviet Union
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Byelarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Moldova
Russia
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yugoslavia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Macedonia
Montenegro
Serbia
Slovenia
Organizations
Comecon
Comintern
Chinese Communist Party
Communist Party of Cuba
Communist Party of India
Communist Party of Kampuchea
Communist Party of the Russian Federation
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Communist Party of Vietnam
French Communist Party
Indochinese Communist Party
Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
Lao People's Revolutionary Party
Nepal Communist Party
Party of Labour of Albania
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Sandinista National Liberation Front
Workers' Party of Korea
Related topics
Bolshevism
Leninism
Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
Trotskyism
See also
All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Anti-communism
Mass killings
Crimes against humanity under communist regimes
Mass killings
Criticism of communist party rule
Cult of personality
Marxist schools of thought
National Bolshevism
New class
Post-communism
Red fascism
Red Scare
Second
Second World
State capitalism
State socialism
State ideology of China
State ideology of the Soviet Union
Third-Worldism
Totalitarianism
Communism portal
Politics portal
Socialism portal
v
t
e
The consolidation of the Cuban Revolution is a period in Cuban history typically defined as starting in the aftermath of the revolution in 1959 and ending in the first congress of the Communist Party of Cuba 1975, which signified the final political solidification of the Cuban revolutionaries' new government. The period encompasses early domestic reforms, human rights violations continuing under the new regime, growing international tensions, and politically climaxed with the failure of the 1970 sugar harvest.[1][2][3]
The political consolidation of Fidel Castro in the new Cuban government began in early 1959. It began with the appointment of communist officials to office and a wave of removals of other revolutionaries that criticized the appointment of communists. This trend came to a head with the Huber Matos affair and would continue that by mid-1960 little opposition remained to Castro within the government and few independent institutions existed in Cuba.[4][5]
In 1959, in the immediate aftermath of the revolution, Castro would visit the United States to ask for aid and boast of land reform plans, which he believed the U.S. government would appreciate. Throughout 1960 tensions slowly escalated between Cuba and the United States due to the nationalizations of various American companies, retaliatory economic sanctions, and counterrevolutionary bombing raids. In January 1961, the U.S. cut off diplomatic relations with Cuba, and the Soviet Union started to solidify relations with Cuba. The U.S. feared growing Soviet influence in Cuba and backed the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of April 1961. By December 1961, Castro for the first time openly expressed his communist sympathies. Castro's fears of another invasion and his new Soviet allies influenced his decision to put nuclear missiles in Cuba, triggering the Cuban Missile Crisis.[6] In the aftermath of the crisis, the United States promised not to invade Cuba in the future; in compliance with this agreement, the U.S. withdrew all support from the Alzados, effectively crippling the resource-starved resistance.[7] The counterrevolutionary conflict, known abroad as the Escambray rebellion, lasted until about 1965, and has since been branded as the "Struggle Against Bandits" by the Cuban government.[7]
The consolidation of power between 1959 and 1970 has also been labeled the militarization of Cuba which is argued to have begun quickly after the Cuban Revolution but climaxed in the Revolutionary Offensive that was organized by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces.[8][9] A chief proponent of the "militarization" periodization is historian Irving Louis Horowitz, who argues the militant origins of the revolution, the popularity of militarism in Latin America, Cuba's single-crop economy, desires to resist U.S. hostility, military support of regimes abroad, and Cuba's role as the USSR's lone ally in the Americas caused the militarization of Cuba.[10]
^Hellinger, Daniel (2014). Comparative Politics of Latin America Democracy at Last?. Taylor and Francis. p. 289. ISBN 9781134070077.
^Staten, Clifford (2005). The History of Cuba. St. Martin's Press. pp. 69–105. ISBN 9781403962591.
^Whalen, Charles (1975). Cuba Study Mission A Fact-finding Survey, June 26 – July 2, 1975. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 3.
^Beyond the Eagle's Shadow New Histories of Latin America's Cold War. University of New Mexico Press. 2013. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-0826353696.
^Moore, Robin (2006). Music and Revolution Cultural Change in Socialist Cuba. University of California Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 0520247116.
^Cite error: The named reference impact was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ab"Cuba: Intelligence and the Bay of Pigs". Stanford University. 26 September 2002. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
^Cuba's Forgotten Decade How the 1970s Shaped the Revolution. Lexington Books. 2018. pp. 72–73. ISBN 9781498568746.
^Horowitz, Irving Louis (January 1995). Cuban Communism/8th Editi. Transaction Publisher. p. 585. ISBN 9781412820899.
^The Democratic Imagination Dialogues on the Work of Irving Louis Horowitz. Transaction Publishers. 2015. ISBN 9781412856263.
and 26 Related for: Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution information
TheCubanRevolution (Spanish: Revolución cubana) was a military and political effort to overthrow the government ofCuba between 1953 and 1959. It began...
children of martyrs without having to pass the entrance exam. ConsolidationoftheCubanRevolution Guardianship ofthe Islamic Jurists History ofthe Islamic...
in Cuba after theCubanRevolution. The dictator Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by an armed guerrilla movement known as the 26th of July Movement (Movimiento...
experiences in theCubanRevolution. Guevara would go on to argue that a foco was politically necessary for the success of a socialist revolution. Originally...
period of political solidification by Fidel Castro after theCubanRevolution. In September 1966, Fidel Castro gave a speech to representatives ofthe Committees...
on the southwestern coast ofCuba in 1961 by Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF), consisting ofCuban exiles who opposed Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution...
Russia by the Bolshevik Party in 1917 during the Russian Revolution that occurred during that year. The first Politburo had seven members: Vladimir Lenin...
TheRevolutionsof 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, was a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of...
party members who spoke out in defense ofthe Soviet use of tanks to suppress the Hungarian Revolutionof 1956 and the 1968 Prague Spring, or who more broadly...
a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolutionof 1917–1923. It was the second...
revolutionaries, first effected by the Bolshevik Party in the Russian Revolutionof 1917. Lenin, the first leader ofthe Bolsheviks, coined the term vanguard party,...
Unified power is the political power principle of communist states, whereby political power, instead of being separated into different branches as Montesquieu...
further from the centre. Use ofthe term "red fascist" was first recorded in the early 1920s, in the aftermath of both the Russian Revolution and the March on...
(PDF). Brookings Institution. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023. "Cuba leadership: Díaz-Canel named Communist Party...
separation of India from Britain by a violent revolution." Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time...
Manchester University Press ND, 1984. p. 267. Hennessy, C. A. M. (1963). "The Roots ofCuban Nationalism". International Affairs. 39 (3): 345–359. doi:10.2307/2611204...
been important influences on Castroism. Initially the Movimiento 26 de Julio and theCubanRevolution, along with Castro personally, were not primarily...
became the center ofthe Chinese Communist Revolution from 1936 to 1948. Chinese communists celebrate Yan'an as the birthplace oftherevolution. Tourists...
Albania. Hoxha, Enver (1978). "I: The strategy of imperialism and modern revisionism". Imperialism and theRevolution. Tirana, Albnaia.{{cite book}}: CS1...
TheCuban War of Independence (Spanish: Guerra de Independencia cubana), also known in Cuba as The Necessary War (Spanish: La Guerra Necesaria), fought...
consumer goods came from the USSR, underlining the importance of Soviet events to Cuba's leaders. As the Soviet coup unfolded, Cuban officials did not believe...
Assembly of People's Power in the Republic ofCuba National Assembly of Vietnam in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam National People's Congress in the People's...
between the October Revolutionof 1917 and the creation ofthe Soviet Union in 1922. Before 1922, there were four independent Soviet Republics: the Russian...
lesser extent, North Korea. During most ofthe 20th century, before theRevolutionsof 1989, around one-third ofthe world's population lived under communist...