This article is about the concept in business. For the concept in politics, see Attack ad.
Comparative advertising, or combative advertising, is an advertisement in which a particular product, or service, specifically mentions a competitor by name for the express purpose of showing why the competitor is inferior to the product naming it.[1][2] Also referred to as "knocking copy", it is loosely defined as advertising where "the advertised brand is explicitly compared with one or more competing brands and the comparison is obvious to the audience".[3] An advertising war is said to be occurring when competing products or services exchange comparative or combative advertisements mentioning each other.[4]
This should not be confused with parody advertisements, where a fictional product is being advertised for the purpose of poking fun at the particular advertisement, nor should it be confused with the use of a coined brand name for the purpose of comparing the product without actually naming an actual competitor. ("Wikipedia tastes better and is less filling than the Encyclopedia Galactica.")
In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) defined comparative advertising as "advertisement that compares alternative brands on objectively measurable attributes or price, and identifies the alternative brand by name, illustration or other distinctive information".[5] This definition was used in the case Gillette Australia Pty Ltd v Energizer Australia Pty Ltd.[6] Similarly, the Law Council of Australia recently suggested that comparative advertising refers to "advertising which include reference to a competitor’s trademark in a way which does not impute proprietorship in the mark to the advertiser".[7]
Comparative advertisements could be either indirectly or directly comparative, positive or negative, and seeks "to associate or differentiate the two competing brands".[8] Different countries apply differing views regarding the laws on comparative advertising.
^Chen, Yuxin; Joshi, Yogesh V.; Raju, Jagmohan S.; Zhang, Z. John (2009). "A Theory of Combative Advertising". Marketing Science. 28 (1): 1–19. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.151.4557. doi:10.1287/mksc.1080.0385.[1]
^Beard, F. (2010). "Comparative Advertising Wars: An Historical Analysis of Their Causes and Consequences". Journal of Macromarketing. 30 (3): 270–286. doi:10.1177/0276146710372222. hdl:11244/25089.[2]
^T.E. Barry & R.L. Tremblay, "Comparative advertising: perspectives and issues", Journal of Advertising, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1975, pp. 15-20.
^"Most Interesting Brand Advertisement Wars Of All Time | Feedough". 13 February 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2021.[3]
^Federal Trade Commission Commercial Practice Rule 16 CFR §14.15 n 1 (2002)
^(2002) 193 ALR 629
^P. Armitage in M.A. Murphy, "Legal aspects of comparative advertising and a strategy for its use",
Queensland University of Technology law journal, Vol. 12, 1996, pp. 41-59.
^B. Mills, "Comparative advertising: should it be allowed?”, European Intellectual Property Review, Vol. 17, No. 9, 1995, pp. 417-430.
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