The Communications Clique (Chinese: 交通系; pinyin: Jiāotōngxì) was a powerful interest group of politicians, bureaucrats, technocrats, businessmen, engineers, and labour unionists in China's Beiyang government (1912–1928). It is also known as the Cantonese Clique because many of its leaders hailed from Guangdong. They were named after the Ministry of Posts and Communications which was responsible for railways, postal delivery, shipping, and telephones as well as the Bank of Communications. This ministry earned five times more revenue for the government than all the other ministries combined.
The clique was founded by Tang Shaoyi but it was led by Liang Shiyi throughout most of its existence. They were instrumental in the rise of Yuan Shikai in the late Qing and early republican period. Because they were Yuan's biggest supporters of his attempt to restore the monarchy, their leaders were forced to flee the country when President Li Yuanhong ordered their arrest.
In their absence, the New Communications Clique (1916-1919) was formed by Cao Rulin. President Feng Guozhang vacated these arrest warrants in early 1918, allowing Liang and Zhou Ziqi to return. Within a few months, the old clique became powerful enough to run as a quasi-political party in the National Assembly on a platform of modernization. It was a distant second compared to Duan Qirui's Anfu Club. Together with the Research Clique, they used political maneuvering to deny Cao Kun the vice-presidency, Cao ended up blaming Duan for his loss. Cao Rulin's conduct during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference caused the May Fourth Movement which led to his downfall and the collapse of this rival "new" clique.
Liang became premier in 1921 after Jin Yunpeng was forced to resign by Zhang Zuolin. Wu Peifu removed Liang from his month-long premiership because he suspected Liang gave concessions to the Japanese during the Washington Naval Conference, Liang denied the allegations. Zhang Zuolin opposed the removal and that sparked the First Zhili-Fengtian War. For a very brief period after the war, Zhou Ziqi was acting President of the Republic of China. Zhou left politics after complaining of Zhili Clique domination. The clique was dissolved during the Northern Expedition. What they once controlled was given to powerful Nationalist businessmen like T. V. Soong and H.H. Kung.
The clique supported training programs and better working conditions for its rail workers. They even supported their strikes against local warlords. They were friendly to the Fengtian clique (half of the country's railroads were in Manchuria) and hostile to the Anhui and Zhili cliques. Their control of the railways threatened the logistics of warlords that opposed them. In 1923, Wu Peifu attempted to wrest control of the Hankou-Beijing railway by inviting Communists to defect their workers but it succeeded too well and the Communists began agitating against Wu. He responded violently leading to 35 deaths and many injuries which only served to advertise the little-known and nascent Communist Party.
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The CommunicationsClique (Chinese: 交通系; pinyin: Jiāotōngxì) was a powerful interest group of politicians, bureaucrats, technocrats, businessmen, engineers...
The Anhui clique (Chinese: 皖系; pinyin: Wǎn Xì) was a military and political organization, one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split...
The Zhili clique (simplified Chinese: 直隶系军阀; traditional Chinese: 直隸系軍閥; pinyin: Zhílì xì jūnfá) was a military faction that split from the Republic of...
Anfu club, and a financial wing, the New Communicationsclique, under Deputy Foreign Minister Cao Rulin. The clique had close ties to Japan, granting concessions...
his Anhui clique's political wing, the Anfu Club, which won 342 of the 470 seats with the rest going to Liang Shiyi's CommunicationsClique, Liang Qichao's...
redemption enhanced the prestige of Liang's CommunicationsClique. The bank's name uses the word "communications" to refer to the linking of two points by...
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Premier in 1922, during Liang Shiyi's illness. He was a member of the CommunicationsClique. Born in Guangdong, Zhou, who spoke both Cantonese and Mandarin...
Bank of Communications was used to fund general industrial development. After the 1911 revolution gave its name to the CommunicationsClique during the...
Though the Anfu Club promised the vice-presidency to Cao Kun, the CommunicationsClique prevented the two-thirds quorum required for his election and left...
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ministry of the government. This allowed him to create the influential CommunicationsClique. He was a close supporter of Yuan Shikai, served as his finance...
Demands" treaty with Japan. He later became the leader of the New CommunicationsClique. Cao Rulin was part of the Chinese envoy attending the Paris Peace...
of prime ministers of Qing Imperial Government Non-Partisan Beiyang clique, etc. Prime Ministers of Qing Imperial Government period: 8 May 1911 – 10...
which were won by the Anfu Club and followed by the CommunicationsClique and the Research Clique (successors to the Progressives). The Anfu Club dissolved...
club's diplomacy with Japan. Affiliates of the Anfu Club, the New CommunicationsClique, were bureaucrats which organised loans from Japan to Club's patron...
including the transmission medium used to carry signals, bandwidth, communications protocols to organize network traffic, the network size, the topology...
MPs. Supporters came from members of the moribund CommunicationsClique, as well as the Research Clique, and other opposition MPs. His position was enhanced...
Warlord Era working under the Fengtian clique. He was the governor of Heilongjiang, Minister of Communications, and a close friend and associate of Yang...
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