Virtual machine component of Microsoft's .NET framework
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Program execution
General concepts
Code
Translation
Compiler
Compile time
Optimizing compiler
Intermediate representation (IR)
Execution
Runtime system
Runtime
Executable
Interpreter
Virtual machine
Types of code
Source code
Object code
Bytecode
Machine code
Microcode
Compilation strategies
Ahead-of-time (AOT)
Just-in-time (JIT)
Tracing just-in-time
Compile and go system
Precompilation
Transcompilation
Recompilation
Notable runtimes
Android Runtime (ART)
BEAM
Common Language Runtime (CLR) and Mono
CPython and PyPy
crt0
Java virtual machine (JVM)
LuaJIT
Objective-C and Swift's
V8 and Node.js
Zend Engine
TempleOS
Notable compilers & toolchains
GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)
LLVM and Clang
MSVC
v
t
e
The Common Language Runtime (CLR), the virtual machine component of Microsoft .NET Framework, manages the execution of .NET programs. Just-in-time compilation converts the managed code (compiled intermediate language code) into machine instructions which are then executed on the CPU of the computer.[1] The CLR provides additional services including memory management, type safety, exception handling, garbage collection, security and thread management. All programs written for the .NET Framework, regardless of programming language, are executed in the CLR. All versions of the .NET Framework include CLR. The CLR team was started June 13, 1998.
CLR implements the Virtual Execution System (VES) as defined in the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) standard, initially developed by Microsoft itself. A public standard defines the Common Language Infrastructure specification.[2]
During the transition from legacy .NET technologies like the .NET Framework and its proprietary runtime to the community-developed .NET Core, the CLR was dubbed CoreCLR.[3] Today, it is simply called the .NET runtime.[4]
Overview of the Common Language Runtime release history[1]
CLR version
.NET version
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
2.0
2.0, 3.0, 3.5
4
4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8
^ ab"Common Language Runtime (CLR)". MSDN Library. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
^"ECMA C# and Common Language Infrastructure Standards". Visual Studio Developer Center. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
^"Understanding .NET Framework, .NET Core, .NET Standard And Future .NET". www.c-sharpcorner.com. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
^".NET is a cross-platform runtime for cloud, mobile, desktop, and IoT apps". GitHub. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
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