Morpheme with syntactic characteristics of a word but with phonological dependence on another word
In morphology and syntax, a clitic (/ˈklɪtɪk/KLIT-ik, backformed from Greek ἐγκλιτικόςenklitikós "leaning" or "enclitic"[1]) is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase. In this sense, it is syntactically independent but phonologically dependent—always attached to a host.[2] A clitic is pronounced like an affix, but plays a syntactic role at the phrase level. In other words, clitics have the form of affixes, but the distribution of function words.
Clitics can belong to any grammatical category, although they are commonly pronouns, determiners, or adpositions. Note that orthography is not always a good guide for distinguishing clitics from affixes: clitics may be written as separate words, but sometimes they are joined to the word they depend on (like the Latin clitic -que, meaning "and") or separated by special characters such as hyphens or apostrophes (like the English clitic 's in "it's" for "it has" or "it is").
^Crystal, David. A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980. Print.
^SIL International (2003). SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms: What is a clitic? "This page is an extract from the LinguaLinks Library, Version 5.0 published on CD-ROM by SIL International, 2003." Retrieved from "What is a clitic? (Grammar)". Archived from the original on 2004-05-10. Retrieved 2004-04-16..
In morphology and syntax, a clitic (/ˈklɪtɪk/ KLIT-ik, backformed from Greek ἐγκλιτικός enklitikós "leaning" or "enclitic") is a morpheme that has syntactic...
Clitic climbing is a phenomenon first identified in Romance languages in which a pronominal object of an embedded infinitive appears attached to the matrix...
In linguistics, anaphoric clitics are a specific subset of clitics: morphologically-bound morphemes that syntactically resemble one word unit, but are...
In linguistics, clitic doubling, or pronominal reduplication is a phenomenon by which clitic pronouns appear in verb phrases together with the full noun...
Object pronouns may be both clitic and non-clitic, with non-clitic forms carrying greater emphasis. When used as clitics, object pronouns are generally...
person clitic. In fact, clitic climbing is a common feature in Romance languages with designation of clitics as unbound morphemes where the clitic "climbs"...
as in Ti do un libro, and sometimes with other clitic pronouns (see below) Sometimes before other clitic pronouns (see below), as in Te lo do When unstressed...
with greater stress. Some authors further distinguish weak pronouns from clitic pronouns, which are phonetically less independent. Examples are found in...
These are the clitics va, ri, mara, rai, r̄e, mo hese, which appear as shown in the above list. The pro-clitic va and the post-clitic ri both mark anaphoric...
bottom of the page. As in other Romance languages, object pronouns are clitics, which must come next to a verb, and are pronounced together with it as...
Many texts include a genitive case, but this is produced using a linking clitic (see below) and is morphologically identical to the dative. The vocative...
may spread from one morph to another, from one clitic to a clitic host, or from one clitic host to a clitic. The phonological word and grammatical word are...
conventionally used to mark clitic boundaries: the equal sign is placed between the clitic and the word that the clitic is attached to. In chemical formulas...
pronouns are often omitted, and object pronouns come in clitic and non-clitic forms. When used as clitics, object pronouns can appear as proclitics that come...
English. Object pronouns can be both clitic and non-clitic, with non-clitic forms carrying greater emphasis. With clitic pronouns, proclitic forms are much...
are all clitics, and the order of pronominal clitics as well as the negative clitic ne is strictly determined as follows. Only one clitic can be used...
(stress on the fourth-to-last syllable) occurs rarely, only on verbs with clitic pronouns attached (e.g. guardándoselos 'saving them for him/her/them/you')...
earlier -m). Final -r, -d in some prepositions (e.g. ad, per), which were clitics[citation needed] that attached phonologically to the following word. Very...
suffix/clitic contains a high vowel (+ATR) that occurs after a −ATR root, any further suffixes harmonize with the root. That is, the +ATR suffix/clitic is...
form, full or clitic, of the pronoun is used, (2) the position relative to the verb or verb parts, and (3) whether it is a true clitic attached phonetically...
word: Gothic has two clitic particles placed in the second position in a sentence, in accordance with Wackernagel's Law. One such clitic particle is -u, indicating...
language that can indicate tense by attaching a verbal clitic to a noun (such as the -'ll clitic in English) is not generally regarded as using nominal...
for Australian languages. For many, case-affixes are considered special-clitics (i.e. phrasal-affixes, see Anderson 2005) because they have a singular...
-(n)ika. The suffix -ning is constructed from clitic -(n)i and the definite article (a)ng. The clitic -(n)i have no meaning and cannot self-standing...
which are also used to create neologisms. There are 27 pronouns, grouped in clitic and tonic pronouns. Personal pronouns are separated into three groups: subject...
Phonology, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08497-0 Dimitriadis, Alexis (1999). "On Clitics, Prepositions and Case Licensing in Standard and Macedonian Greek". In...
be a pro-clitic as well, as they do not conform to the minimal word requirement and must occur with a syntactic/phonological host. A clitic is a type...
the possibility of expressing pre-posed and post-posed pronouns. Clitic pronouns (clitic pronouns are dependent on an adjacent word and cannot stand on...
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