Belief that the human soul is not naturally immortal
Part of a series on
Salvation in Christianity
General concepts
Christian universalism
Divine judgment
Eschatology
Immortality
Last Judgment
Particular judgment
Resurrection (universal)
Transcendence
Universal reconciliation
Justification
Monergism
Synergism
Particular concepts
Conditionalism
Entering heaven alive
Intermediate state
One true faith
Punishment
Hell (Christian views)
Purgatory
Soul death
Reward
Heaven in Christianity
World to come
v
t
e
Main article: Soul in the Bible
Christian mortalism is the Christian belief that the human soul is not naturally immortal[1][2][3][4][5] and may include the belief that the soul is "sleeping" after death until the Resurrection of the Dead and the Last Judgment,[6][7][8][9][10] a time known as the intermediate state. "Soul sleep" is often used as a pejorative term,[11][a][14] so the more neutral term "mortalism" was also used in the nineteenth century,[15] and "Christian mortalism" since the 1970s.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Historically the term psychopannychism was also used, despite problems with the etymology[b][c] and application.[24] The term thnetopsychism has also been used; for example, Gordon Campbell (2008) identified John Milton as believing in the latter.[25]
Christian mortalism stands in contrast with the traditional Christian belief that the souls of the dead immediately go to heaven, or hell, or (in Catholicism) purgatory. Christian mortalism has been taught by several theologians and church organizations throughout history while also facing opposition from aspects of Christian organized religion. The Catholic Church condemned such thinking in the Fifth Council of the Lateran as "erroneous assertions". Supporters include eighteenth-century religious figure Henry Layton, among many others.
^Garber; Ayers (2003), The Cambridge history of seventeenth-century philosophy, vol. I: Volume 2, p. 383, But among philosophers they were perhaps equally notorious for their commitment to the mortalist heresy; this is the doctrine which denies the existence of a naturally immortal soul.
^Thomson (2008), Bodies of thought: science, religion, and the soul in the early Enlightenment, p. 42, For mortalists the Bible did not teach the existence of a separate immaterial or immortal soul and the word 'soul' simply meant 'life'; the doctrine of a separate soul was said to be a Platonic importation.
^Eccleshall; Kenney (1995), Western political thought: a bibliographical guide to post-war research, p. 80, mortalism, the denial that the soul is an incorporeal substance that outlives the body
^Kries 1997, p. 97: 'In Leviathan, soul and body are one; there are no "separated essenses" [sic]; death means complete death – the soul, merely another word for life, or breath, ceases at the death of the body. This view of the soul is known as Christian mortalism – a heterodox view held, indeed, by some sincere believers and not unique to Hobbes.'
^Brandon 2007, p. 65-1: 'Mortalism, the idea that the soul is not immortal by nature'
^Hick (1994), Death and eternal life, p. 211, christian mortalism – the view that the soul either sleeps until the Day of Judgment, or is annihilated and re-created
^Horvath (1993), Eternity and eternal life: speculative theology and science in discourse, p. 108, Thus the so-called Ganztodtheorie, or mortalism, states that with death the human person totally ceases to be.
^Pocock (2003), The Machiavellian moment: Florentine political thought and the Atlantic Republic Tradition, p. 35, doctrines of mortalism or psychopannychism, which asserted that the being or the experience of the soul were suspended during the remainder of secular time
^Fudge & Peterson 2000, p. 173 -1: 'the belief that according to divine revelation the soul does not exist as an independent substance after the death of the body'
^Almond 1994, p. 38: …'mortalist views – particularly of the sort which affirmed that the soul slept or died – were widespread in the Reformation period. George Williams has shown how prevalent mortalism was among the Reformation radicals.'
^de Greef 2008, p. 152 -1: "In the foreword of 1534, Calvin says that at the insistence of friends he had given in to the request to dispute the 'heresy of soul sleep.'”
^Hoekema, Anthony A (1963), The four major cults: Christian Science, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormonism, Seventh-Day Adventism, p. 136
^Martin, Walter Ralston (1960), The truth about Seventh-Day Adventism, p. 117
^The Rainbow, a magazine of Christian literature, 1879, p. 523, the term 'soul-sleeper' is used today only as a term of reproach
^Gardner, Rev. James (1858), The faiths of the world: an account of all religions and religious sects, p. 860, Soul-sleepers, a term sometimes applied to Materialists (which see), because they admit no intermediate state between death and the resurrection.
^Burns, Norman T (1972), Christian mortalism from Tyndale to Milton
^Overhoff, Jürgen (2000), Hobbes's theory of the will, p. 193, The term 'Christian mortalism,' which I have borrowed from the title of Norman T. Burns's masterly book on that topic
^"The tradition of Christian mortalism", The Mennonite Quarterly Review, Goshen College, 1969
^Johnston, Mark (2010), Surviving Death, p. 24, The same dynamic can be found in John Milton's Christian Doctrine, another spirited defense of Christian mortalism
^Kries 1997: 'Christian mortalism is thus a convenient "middle ground," which, by not departing wholly from possibly genuine... The advantage Hobbes's change to Christian mortalism appears to bring to his teaching is that it attenuates the cord that...’
^Wright, Leonard Napoleon (1939), Christian mortalism in England (1643–1713)
^Force, James E; Popkin, Richard Henry (1994), The books of nature and Scripture: recent essays on natural Philosophy, Theology, and Biblical Criticism in the Netherlands, p. xvii, Force then goes on to show how Newton's Christian mortalism fits with Newton's core voluntarism, ie, his essentially… Force finds Newton's adoption of Christian mortalism clearly stated in Newton's manuscript entitled "Paradoxical…"
^Parker, Robert (2007), Polytheism and Society at Athens, p. 166, The mood of a pannychis was often one of gaiety, but this was also a form of religious action... The pannychis was marked, according to one charming definition, by 'la bonne humeure efficace' (Borgeaud)
^Williams 1962, p. 581: "It will be recalled that we have allowed the etymologically ambiguous word 'psychopannychism' to serve as the generic term for the two variants 'soul sleep'...”
^Campbell, Gordon; Corns, Thomas N; Hale, John K (2007), Milton and the manuscript of De doctrina Christiana, Oxford University Press, p. 117, ISBN 978-0-19-929649-1, The belief that the soul dies with the body but is resurrected at the last judgment is known as thnetopsychism; the belief that the soul sleeps from the moment of death until the last judgment is known as psychopannychism
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
and 23 Related for: Christian mortalism information
Christianmortalism is the Christian belief that the human soul is not naturally immortal and may include the belief that the soul is "sleeping" after...
ISBN 978-0-85364-587-0. OCLC 31168600. Ball, Bryan W. (2008). The Soul Sleepers: ChristianMortalism from Wycliffe to Priestley. James Clarke Company. ISBN 978-0-227-17260-5...
Christ (Wheaton: Crossway, 2010), p. 33-34 Burns, Norman T. (1972). ChristianMortalism from Tyndale to Milton. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 180...
the stream of Christianmortalism. . . . This understanding appears as the sparkling water of pristine Christianity.' He defines mortalism as 'the belief...
also refer to: Mortal (band), a Christian industrial band The Mortal, a Japanese band led by Atsushi Sakurai Mortal (novel), a science fiction fantasy...
A mortal sin (Latin: peccātum mortāle), in Christian theology, is a gravely sinful act which can lead to damnation if a person does not repent of the sin...
wicked suffer in hell.[citation needed] Several groups of Christians believe in Christianmortalism or "soul sleep" and in the general judgment ("Last Judgment")...
referred to as Christianmortalism; annihilation for those not awarded immortal life, conditional immortality for those who are. This Christian view is found...
into nothingness." Annihilationism, a Christian doctrine of a soul being destroyed by God Anattā Christianmortalism Consciousness after death Information-theoretic...
The Mortal Instruments is a series of six young adult fantasy novels written by American author Cassandra Clare, the last of which was published on May...
rejected by those churches and individuals who believe in "soul sleep" (Christianmortalism) until resurrection. Several commentators have noted that the Gospel...
Martin Luther considered the parable allegorical.[citation needed] Christianmortalism, especially prevalent among Seventh-day Adventists, is the belief...
known each other in Constantinople. Other Byzantine writers opposing Christianmortalism were John the Deacon, Niketas Stethatos, Philip Monotropos (Dioptra...
Nothing exists which is not material." Christianmortalism Christoplatonism Holism Hylotheism Impanation Christian humanism William Montgomery Brown Teleomechanistic...
Irenaeus, an Early Church father, did. Some Christians believe in the mortality of the soul ("Christianmortalism" or "soul sleep") and general judgment ("Last...
Driscoll C. J. Mahaney Heidi Baker Reinhard Bonnke Religion portal Christianmortalism, the belief that the soul is not naturally immortal Oblivion (eternal)...
especially of believers" Christian conditionalism, view that immortality is a gift conditionally conferred by God Christianmortalism, the view that the soul...
Mortal Engines is a young-adult science fiction novel by Philip Reeve, published by Scholastic UK in 2001. The book focuses on a futuristic, steampunk...
parts of the work of redemption. Christianity portal Christian anthropology Christianmortalism Dualism (philosophy of mind) "xiv", Dogma, Dis seminary...
sin is central to the Christian faith, since its basic message is about redemption in Christ. Hamartiology, a branch of Christian theology which is the...
A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity, identified by traits such as a name, organization and doctrine. Individual...