Chinese Industrial Cooperatives (Chinese: 工業合作社; pinyin: Gōngyè Hézuòshè) (CICs) were organisations established in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937- 1945) to support China's war effort by organizing small-scale grassroots industrial and economic development. The movement was led through the Chinese Industrial Cooperative Association (CICA or Indusco) founded in 1938 by foreign and Chinese activists. Its international arm the International Committee for the Promotion of Chinese Industrial Cooperatives (ICCIC, also known by the nickname Gung Ho International Committee) was founded in 1939 in Hong Kong to promote cooperatives in China.
The movement was especially active in the 1930s and 1940s with support from both left and right wings of Chinese politics. The movement disappeared after the 1950s after the establishment of the People's Republic of China government, but CICA and ICCIC were revived in the 1980s and are still active in the twenty-first century.[1]
In the English-speaking world, the industrial cooperatives’ best known legacy is the term "gung-ho", which came to mean "overly enthusiastic," but had no relation to its meaning in Chinese, stemming from their shortened name (Chinese: 工合; pinyin: gōnghé; lit. 'to work together').
^Bernardi, Andrea; Miani, Mattia (2014-07-03). "The long march of Chinese co-operatives: towards market economy, participation and sustainable development" (PDF). Asia Pacific Business Review. 20 (3): 330–355. doi:10.1080/13602381.2014.931044. ISSN 1360-2381. S2CID 154466030.
and 26 Related for: Chinese Industrial Cooperatives information
ChineseIndustrialCooperatives (Chinese: 工業合作社; pinyin: Gōngyè Hézuòshè) (CICs) were organisations established in China during the Second Sino-Japanese...
(1937–1945) from a Chinese term, 工合 (pinyin: gōnghé; lit. 'to work together'), short for ChineseIndustrialCooperatives (Chinese: 工業合作社; pinyin: Gōngyè...
where she interviewed Chinese Communist leaders, including Mao Zedong. The Snows also conceptualized the ChineseIndustrialCooperatives, known as the Gung-Ho...
the 1930s, when cooperatives were a significant plank of the Guomindang's development policy. After the Communist Revolution, cooperatives became the first...
The history of the cooperative movement concerns the origins and history of cooperatives across the world. Although cooperative arrangements, such as mutual...
Investments Corporation, Saskatchewan China Investment Corporation, a Chinese sovereign wealth fund ChineseIndustrialCooperatives Central Information Commission...
to the cause and was a key figure in the establishment of ChineseIndustrialCooperatives and technical training schools, including the Peili Vocational...
Words of Chinese origin have entered European languages, including English. Most of these were direct loanwords from various varieties of Chinese. However...
Kong. In 1940, they returned to Chongqing and established the ChineseIndustrialCooperatives, which opened job opportunities for people through weaving...
Second Sino-Japanese War was a major actor in the ChineseIndustrialCooperatives. After the Chinese Communist Revolution of 1949, she retired to the United...
investors. Second- and third-tier cooperatives whose members are other cooperatives Platform cooperatives that use a cooperatively owned and governed website...
Gung ho, a technique of guerilla industry employed at the ChineseIndustrialCooperatives in WWII Jugaad – a Hindi word for adopting innovative or simple...
by Chinese Communist guerrillas to fight Japanese troops. Carlson adopted the phrase "gung ho" from Rewi Alley's ChineseIndustrialCooperatives. Carlson...
financial crisis, bond-holders sued against the cooperatives. In 2008, the worker-owners of the cooperatives Ampo (metal casting) and Irizar (coaches) voted...
People's Insurance Company of China, rural credit cooperatives, and urban credit cooperatives. The People's Bank of China was the central bank and the...
China. In 1939 following the Japanese invasion of China, Goullart secured an appointment as a representative of the ChineseIndustrialCooperatives (an...
of the People's Republic of China where China experienced its most notable growths in industrialization. Although Chinese industrialization is largely...
China Relief, the American Committee for ChineseIndustrialCooperatives (also known as INDUSCO), the China Aid Council, and the American Friends Service...
The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a period of global transition...
China Abbreviation of 工業合作社 (pinyin: Gōngyè Hézuòshè), meaning ChineseIndustrialCooperatives This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the...
[citation needed] City commercial banks were transferred from urban credit cooperatives established in 1980s and 1990s.[citation needed] Bank of Jiujiang Bank...
the Third Five-Year Plan period, the Chinese government instituted the Third Front campaign to develop industrial and military facilities in the country's...
unlike merchant-investor corporations, these cooperatives used equal shares for profits and expenses. Cooperatives and companies took the forefront of miners...
The Suzhou Industrial Park (苏州工业园区) is a development region in Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. The industrial park was established in February 1994, as part of...
communism in China and the Chinese Communist Revolution. He was the first Western journalist to give an account of the history of the Chinese Communist Party...
Global Information