Global InformationChangsha information
Changsha
长沙市 | |
|---|---|
Prefecture-level city | |
Clockwise from top: Skyline with Xiang River, Baoning Temple, Young Mao Statue, Meixihu International Culture & Arts Center, Yuelu Academy, Aiwan Pavilion | |
| Nickname: "星城" (Star City) | |
| Motto(s): "心忧天下，敢为人先" (Care About the World, Dare to Be Pioneers) | |
 | |
 Location of Changsha City in Hunan | |
  Changsha Location of the city centre in Hunan | |
| Coordinates (Changsha municipal government): 28°13′41″N 112°56′20″E / 28.228°N 112.939°E | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Hunan |
| Municipal seat | Yuelu District |
| Divisions | 9 County-level divisions, 172 Township divisions |
| Government | |
| • Type | Prefecture-level city |
| • Body | Changsha Municipal People's Congress |
| • CCP Secretary | Wu Guiying |
| • Congress Chairman | Xie Weidong |
| • Mayor | Zhou Haibing |
| • CPPCC Chairman | Wen Shuxun |
| Area | |
| • Prefecture-level city | 11,819 km2 (4,563 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 2,154.1 km2 (831.7 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 3,911.1 km2 (1,510.1 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 63 m (207 ft) |
| Population (2022)[1] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | 10,420,600 |
| • Urban | 5,980,707 |
| • Urban density | 2,800/km2 (7,200/sq mi) |
| • Metro [2] | 10,500,000 |
| • Metro density | 2,700/km2 (7,000/sq mi) |
| • Rank in China | 19th |
| Ethnicity | |
| • Han | 99.22% |
| • Minorities | 0.78% |
| GDP[3] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 1.397 trillion US$ 207.7 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 133,992 US$ 19,925 |
| Time zone | UTC+08:00 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 410000 |
| Area code | 0731 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-HN-01 |
| HDI (2016) | 0.817– very high[4] |
| License Plate | 湘A 湘O (police and authorities) |
| City tree | Camphor tree |
| City flower | Azalea |
| Languages | Hunanese(Changsha dialect), Mandarin |
| Website | en |
| Changsha | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 "Changsha" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 长沙 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 長沙 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Chángshā | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Xiang | [tsã13 sɔ33] (ⓘ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "Long Sandbar" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Former names | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qing Yang | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 青陽 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 青阳 | ||||||||
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| Lin Xiang | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 臨湘 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 临湘 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Overlooking the Xiang | ||||||||
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| Tan Zhou | |||||||||
| Chinese | 潭州 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Eddy Prefecture | ||||||||
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Changsha[a] is the capital and the largest city of Hunan Province of China.[6] Changsha is the 17th most populous city in China with a population of over 10 million,[7] and the third-most populous city in Central China, located in the lower reaches of the Xiang River in northeastern Hunan. Changsha is also called Xingcheng (星城, 'Star City') and was once named Linxiang (临湘), Tanzhou (潭州), and Qingyang (青阳) in ancient times. It is also known as Shanshuizhoucheng (山水洲城), with the Xiang River flowing through it, containing Mount Yuelu and Orange Isle. The city forms a part of the Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region along with Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, also known as Changzhutan City Cluster. Greater Changsha was named one of the 13 emerging mega-cities in China in 2012 by the Economist Intelligence Unit.[8] It is also a National Comprehensive Transportation Hub,[9] and one of the first National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in China. Changshanese, a kind of Xiang Chinese, is spoken in the downtown, while Ningxiangnese and Liuyangnese are also spoken in the counties and cities under its jurisdiction.[10] As of the 2020 Chinese census, the prefecture-level city of Changsha had a population of 10,047,914 inhabitants.[11]
Changsha has a history of more than 2,400 years of urban construction,[12] and the name "Changsha" first appeared in the Yi Zhou Shu written in the pre-Qin era.[13] In the Qin dynasty, the Changsha Commandery was set up, and in the Western Han dynasty, the Changsha Kingdom was established. The Tongguan Kiln in Changsha during the Tang dynasty produced the world's earliest underglaze porcelain, which was exported to Western Asia, Africa and Europe.[14] In the Period of the Five Dynasties, Changsha was the capital of Southern Chu. In the Northern Song dynasty, the Yuelu Academy (later Hunan University) was one of the four major private academies over the last 1000 years,[15] with the famous couplet "惟楚有才, 于斯为盛" (Only Chu has talent, and it is flourishing in this area) coming down to modern times. In the late Qing dynasty, Changsha was one of the four major trade cities for rice and tea in China.[16] In 1904, it was opened to foreign trade, and gradually became a revolutionary city. In Changsha, Tan Sitong established the School of Current Affairs, Huang Xing founded the China Arise Society with the slogan "Expel the Tatar barbarians and revive Zhonghua" (驱除鞑虏，复兴中华), and Mao Zedong also carried out his early political movements here. During the Republican Era, Changsha became one of the major home fronts in the Second Sino-Japanese War, but the subsequent Wenxi Fire in 1938 and the three Battles of Changsha from 1939 to 1942 (1939, 1941 and 1941–42) hit Changsha's economy and urban construction hard.[17]
Changsha is now one of the core cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the Belt and Road Initiative,[18][19] a Beta- (global second-tier) city by the GaWC,[20] a new Chinese first-tier city[21][22] and also a pioneering area for China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.[23] Known as the "Construction machinery capital of the world", Changsha has an industrial chain with construction machinery and new materials as the main industries, complemented by automobiles, electronic information, household appliances, and biomedicine.[24][25] Since the 1990s, Changsha has begun to accelerate economic development, and then achieved the highest growth rate among China's major cities during the 2000s.[26] The Xiangjiang New Area, the first state-level new area in Central China, was established in 2015.[27] As of 2020, more than 164 Global 500 companies have established branches in Changsha.[28] The city has the 27th largest skyline in the world.[29] The HDI of Changsha reached 0.817 (very high) in 2016, which is roughly comparable to a moderately developed country.[30][31]
As of 2023, Changsha hosts 59 institutions of higher education, ranking 8th nationwide among all cities in China.[32] The city also houses four Double First-Class Construction universities: Hunan, National University of Defense Technology, Central South, and Hunan Normal, making Changsha the seat of several highly ranked educational institutions,[33][34] and a major centre of research and innovation in the Asia-Pacific with a high level of scientific research, ranking 30th globally in 2023.[35] Changsha is the birthplace of super hybrid rice, the Tianhe-1 supercomputer, China's first laser 3D printer,[36] and China's first domestic medium-low speed maglev line.[37] Changsha has been named the first "UNESCO City of Media Arts" in China.[38] Changsha is home to the Hunan Broadcasting System (HBS), the most influential provincial TV station in China.[39][40]
- ^ "Changsha City". Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ "Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps". Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ^ "2022年湖南省各市州地区生产总值（三季度".
- ^ "National Human Development Report 2019: China". 12 October 2020.
- ^ "Changsha". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021.
- ^ "Illuminating China's Provinces,Municipalities & Autonomous Regions-Hunan". www.china.org.cn. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ "17 Chinese cities have a population of over 10 million in 2021". www.ecns.cn. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
- ^ "Supersized cities: China's 13 megalopolises". Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
- ^ "State Council on the issuance of the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" modern comprehensive transport system development plan" Archived 30 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine State Council, State Development [2017] No. 11
- ^ Institute of Linguistics, CASS. Language atlas of China. The Commercial Press. Beijing. December, 2012.
- ^ "Húnán (China): Prefectural Division & Major Cities - Population Statistics 2020". www.citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ Changsha Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. Archaeological Discoveries and Studies of Ancient City Sites in Changsha. Hunan Yuelu Publishing House. 1 December 2016.
- ^ Yi Zhou Shu·Wang Hui Archived 8 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine:"长沙鳖，其西，鱼复鼓钟钟牛"
- ^ Wang Xiga. The History of Changsha. Social Science Literature Press. December, 2014.
- ^ Fan Chengda (1126-1193). Shigushanji(石鼓山记)："天下有书院四：徂徕、金山、岳麓、石鼓。"
- ^ Institute of Changsha Culture, Changsha University. The prosperity of commerce in ancient Changsha and its causes (below) Journal of Changsha University. 2011 No. 1.
- ^ Lei Jing (2008). "A Study of the Modernization Process in Changsha 1800-1949". Xiangtan University, 2008.
- ^ "Strategy Basics - Yangtze River Economic Belt" Archived 13 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine Office of the Leading Group for Promoting the Development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. 13 July 2019.
- ^ ""Hunan One Belt, One Road Official Website"". Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- ^ "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020". www.lboro.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ^ "Ranking of Chinese Cities' Business Attractiveness 2022". www.yicaiglobal.com. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ "15 new Chinese first-tier cities". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
- ^ "Hunan: Building an pioneering zone for in-depth China-Africa economic and trade cooperation" Archived 7 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. 19 January 2021.
- ^ "Study on industrial restructuring and upgrading in Changsha" Archived 8 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine Bureau of Statistics of Changsha. 16 Oct. 2017.
- ^ "Changsha: "Capital of Construction Machinery" explores world coordinates" Archived 13 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine Xinhuanet. 20 May 2019.
- ^ Zhang Huaizhong. "Changsha's GDP grows 460% in 10 years, leading the country in growth" Archived 23 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine People's Daily Online Finance. 22 August 2016.
- ^ "Central China's First State-Level New Area Xiangjiang New District Officially Launched" Archived 31 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine Ifeng Finance. 24 May 2015.
- ^ "[The Rise of Central China is Gaining Momentum - Hunan Chapter-Changsha: Endless Innovation to Create a New High Ground for Business Environment]" Archived 8 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine CNR News. 23 Sep 2020.
- ^ "Changsha - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "National Human Development Report 2019: China | Human Development Reports". www.hdr.undp.org. January 2019. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ "Competitive Cities: Changsha, China – coordination, competition, construction and cars". blogs.worldbank.org. 23 February 2016. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- ^ "全国普通高等学校名单 (National List of Higher Education Institutions)". Government Portal Website of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. 15 June 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ^ "US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Changsha". U.S. News & World Report. 26 October 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
- ^ "Nature Index 2018 Science Cities | Nature Index Supplements | Nature Index". www.natureindex.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
- ^ "Leading 200 science cities | Nature Index 2023 Science Cities | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. 21 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ Municipal Local Records Editorial Office. "Changsha City Profile" Archived 13 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine Official website of Changsha, China. 13 April 2021.
- ^ "Medium-Low Speed Maglev in Changsha" Archived 12 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine CRRC ZELC EUROPE.
- ^ "Changsha | Creative Cities Network". en.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ "TV ratings rankings 2009-2017 Hunan TV No. 1 for the ninth consecutive year" Archived 1 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine tvtv.hk. 14 January 2018.
- ^ "2020 "TV Landmark" and "Voice of the Times" List Released" Archived 8 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine Xinhuanet. 7 December 2017.
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