The Challenger expedition of 1872–1876 was a scientific programme that made many discoveries to lay the foundation of oceanography. The expedition was named after the naval vessel that undertook the trip, HMS Challenger.
Maps of the Challenger's route.
The expedition, initiated by William Benjamin Carpenter, was placed under the scientific supervision of Sir Charles Wyville Thomson—of the University of Edinburgh and Merchiston Castle School—assisted by five other scientists, including Sir John Murray, a secretary-artist and a photographer.[1] The Royal Society of London obtained the use of Challenger from the Royal Navy and in 1872 modified the ship for scientific tasks, equipping it with separate laboratories for natural history and chemistry. The expedition, led by Captain George Nares, sailed from Portsmouth, England, on 21 December 1872.[2] Other naval officers included Commander John Maclear.[3][1]
Under the scientific supervision of Thomson himself, the ship traveled approximately 68,890 nautical miles (79,280 miles; 127,580 kilometres) surveying and exploring.[4] The result was the Report of the Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76 which, among many other discoveries, catalogued over 4,000 previously unknown species. John Murray, who supervised the publication, described the report as "the greatest advance in the knowledge of our planet since the celebrated discoveries of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries". The report is available online as the Report of the Voyage of HMS Challenger. Challenger sailed close to Antarctica, but not within sight of it.[5][1] However, it was the first scientific expedition to take pictures of icebergs.[1]
^ abcdAitken, Frédéric; Foulc, Jean-Numa (2019). From deep sea to laboratory. 1: the first explorations of the deep sea by H.M.S. Challenger (1872–1876). London, UK: Iste-Wiley. ISBN 9781786303745.
^Rice, A. L. (1999). "The Challenger Expedition". Understanding the Oceans: Marine Science in the Wake of HMS Challenger. Routledge. pp. 27–48. ISBN 9781857287059.
^"The Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873–1876. Narrative Vol. I. First Part. Chapter I" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2013. – pages 19 and 20 list the civilian staff and naval officers and crew, along with changes that took place during the voyage.
^Cite error: The named reference eis was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Scott, Keith (1993). The Australian Geographic book of Antarctica. Terrey Hills, New South Wales: Australian Geographic. p. 115. ISBN 978-1862760103.
and 21 Related for: Challenger expedition information
The Challengerexpedition of 1872–1876 was a scientific programme that made many discoveries to lay the foundation of oceanography. The expedition was...
Royal Navy survey ships HMS Challenger, whose expedition of 1872–1876 first located it, and HMS Challenger II, whose expedition of 1950-1952 established...
Look up challenger in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Challenger, Challengers, or The Challengers may refer to: Challenger (character), comic book character...
Visitor Complex. Challenger was named after HMS Challenger, a British corvette that was the command ship for the ChallengerExpedition, a pioneering global...
The Ice ChallengerExpedition was an expedition to the geographic South Pole. The expedition's six man team used a six-wheel drive vehicle to cover about...
historian and marine zoologist. He served as the chief scientist on the Challengerexpedition; his work there revolutionized oceanography and led to his being...
("Depth map of the Great Ocean") by Petermann, which showed a Challenger Tief ("Challenger deep") at the location of that sounding. In 1899, USS Nero, a...
officer and Arctic explorer. He commanded the ChallengerExpedition, and the British Arctic Expedition. He was highly thought of as a leader and scientific...
Challenger, most famously the fifth, the survey vessel Challenger that carried the Challengerexpedition from 1872 to 1876. The first HMS Challenger (1806)...
oceans below 500 fathoms, which had not been explored by the earlier ChallengerExpedition. In the mid-19th century most scientists adhered to the Abyssus...
team for years to come. World Challenge was later born from this experience in 1988, which created the school expedition industry. The company operates...
2004–2005 – Chilean South Pole Expedition. 2004–2005 – Tangra 2004/05 created Camp Academia. 2005 – Ice ChallengerExpedition travelled to the South Pole...
Deepsea Challenger (DCV 1) is a 7.3-metre (24 ft) deep-diving submersible designed to reach the bottom of the Challenger Deep, the deepest-known point...
This list of Arctic expeditions is a timeline of historic Arctic exploration and explorers of the Arctic. 1472: Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst mark the...
The Terra Nova Expedition, officially the British Antarctic Expedition, was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913. Led by...
Charles Wyville Thomson and Sir John Murray launched the Challengerexpedition. Challenger, leased from the Royal Navy, was modified for scientific work...
the Challenger were at best accurate to 25 fathoms (150 feet), or about 46 metres. As the first true oceanographic cruise, the Challengerexpedition established...
undisputed expedition to reach the North Pole was that of the airship Norge, which overflew the area in 1926 with 16 men on board, including expedition leader...
Adrien de Gerlache's Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897–1899. From 1903 to 1906, he led the first expedition to successfully traverse the Northwest...