The Structure of a Retinal-Forming Carotenoid Oxygenase.[1]
Identifiers
Symbol
RPE65
Pfam
PF03055
InterPro
IPR004294
SCOP2
2biw / SCOPe / SUPFAM
OPM superfamily
103
OPM protein
2biw
Available protein structures:
Pfam
structures / ECOD
PDB
RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum
structure summary
Carotenoid oxygenases are a family of enzymes involved in the cleavage of carotenoids to produce, for example, retinol, commonly known as vitamin A. This family includes an enzyme known as RPE65 which is abundantly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium where it catalyzed the formation of 11-cis-retinol from all-trans-retinyl esters.
The RPE65 iron(II) cofactor, showing its coordination with 4 histidine residues and 3 glutamic acid residues.[2]
Carotenoids such as beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein and beta-cryptoxanthin are produced in plants and certain bacteria, algae and fungi, where they function as accessory photosynthetic pigments and as scavengers of oxygen radicals for photoprotection. They are also essential dietary nutrients in animals. Carotenoid oxygenases cleave a variety of carotenoids into a range of biologically important products, including apocarotenoids in plants that function as hormones, pigments, flavours, floral scents and defence compounds, and retinoids in animals that function as vitamins, chromophores for opsins and signalling molecules.[3] Examples of carotenoid oxygenases include:
Beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase (BCO1; EC 1.14.99.36) from animals, which cleaves beta-carotene symmetrically at the central double bond to yield two molecules of retinal.[3]
Beta-carotene-9',10'-dioxygenase (BCO2) from animals, which cleaves beta-carotene asymmetrically to apo-10'-beta-carotenal and beta-ionone, the latter being converted to retinoic acid. Lycopene is also oxidatively cleaved.[3]
9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase from plants, which cleaves 9-cis xanthophylls to xanthoxin, a precursor of the hormone abscisic acid.[4] Yellow skin, which is a common phenotype in domestic chicken, is influenced by the accumulation of carotenoids in skin due to absence of beta-carotene dioxygenase 2 (BCDO2) enzyme. Inhibition of expression of BCO2 gene is caused by a regulatory mutation.[5]
Apocarotenoid-15,15'-oxygenase from bacteria and cyanobacteria, which converts beta-apocarotenals rather than beta-carotene into retinal. This protein has a seven-bladed beta-propeller structure.[6]
Retinal pigment epithelium 65 kDa protein (RPE65) from vertebrates which is important for the production of 11-cis retinal during visual opsin regeneration.
Members of the family use an iron(II) active center, usually held by four histidines.
^Kloer DP, Ruch S, Al-Babili S, Beyer P, Schulz GE (April 2005). "The structure of a retinal-forming carotenoid oxygenase". Science. 308 (5719): 267–9. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..267K. doi:10.1126/science.1108965. PMID 15821095. S2CID 6318853.
^Kiser PD, Zhang J, Badiee M, Li Q, Shi W, Sui X, et al. (June 2015). "Catalytic mechanism of a retinoid isomerase essential for vertebrate vision". Nature Chemical Biology. 11 (6): 409–15. doi:10.1038/nchembio.1799. PMC 4433804. PMID 25894083.
^ abcWyss A (January 2004). "Carotene oxygenases: a new family of double bond cleavage enzymes". The Journal of Nutrition. 134 (1): 246S–250S. doi:10.1093/jn/134.1.246S. PMID 14704328.
^Tan BC, Joseph LM, Deng WT, Liu L, Li QB, Cline K, McCarty DR (July 2003). "Molecular characterization of the Arabidopsis 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene family". The Plant Journal. 35 (1): 44–56. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01786.x. PMID 12834401.
^Eriksson J, Larson G, Gunnarsson U, Bed'hom B, Tixier-Boichard M, Strömstedt L, et al. (February 2008). Georges M (ed.). "Identification of the yellow skin gene reveals a hybrid origin of the domestic chicken". PLOS Genetics. 4 (2): e1000010. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000010. PMC 2265484. PMID 18454198.
^Kloer DP, Ruch S, Al-Babili S, Beyer P, Schulz GE (April 2005). "The structure of a retinal-forming carotenoid oxygenase". Science. 308 (5719): 267–9. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..267K. doi:10.1126/science.1108965. PMID 15821095. S2CID 6318853.
and 21 Related for: Carotenoid oxygenase information
Carotenoidoxygenases are a family of enzymes involved in the cleavage of carotenoids to produce, for example, retinol, commonly known as vitamin A. This...
the homologous ninaB enzyme in Drosophila has both retinal-forming carotenoid-oxygenase activity and all-trans to 11-cis isomerase activity. All-trans-retinal...
pigment regeneration in photoreceptor cells. RPE65 belongs to the carotenoidoxygenase family of enzymes. RPE65 is a critical enzyme in the vertebrate visual...
Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-01-25. "Carotenoidoxygenase", Wikipedia, 2023-11-29, retrieved 2023-11-29 "Pfam entry: Lipoxygenase"...
Bangert A, von Lintig J, Vogt K (December 2008). "NinaB combines carotenoidoxygenase and retinoid isomerase activity in a single polypeptide". Proceedings...
4'-diapolycopenedial + 4 A + 6 H2O Diapolycopene oxygenase is involved in the biosynthesis of C30 carotenoids such as staphyloxanthin. Mijts BN, Lee PC, Schmidt-Dannert...
ozone. It arises by the oxidation of certain carotenoids. Such reaction are catalyzed by carotenoidoxygenase. Eggersdorfer, Manfred (2000). "Terpenes"....
living organisms. They are derived from carotenoids by oxidative cleavage, catalyzed by carotenoidoxygenases. Examples include the vitamin A retinoids...
biochemical characterization of a novel carotenoidoxygenase: elucidation of the cleavage step in the Fusarium carotenoid pathway". Molecular Microbiology....
(November 2016). "Molecular aspects of β, β-carotene-9', 10'-oxygenase 2 in carotenoid metabolism and diseases". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 241...
of Blakeslea trispora. Carotenes produced from carotenoids are further processed by carotene oxygenase to synthesize trisporic acid (TSA). TSA produced...
an increase of photorespiration by the oxygenase activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) and decrease in carbon fixation...
Canthaxanthin /ˌkænθəˈzænθɪn/ is a keto-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. Carotenoids belong to a larger class of phytochemicals known as...
"Differential Expression of the Demosponge (Suberites domuncula) CarotenoidOxygenases in Response to Light: Protection Mechanism Against the Self-Produced...
step is catalized by the carotenoid cleavage deoxygenase 7 (CCD7). In the third step, another carotenoid cleavage oxygenase, called CCD8 (from the same...
destruction of erythrocytes. Heme is metabolized into biliverdin (via heme oxygenase) and then into bilirubin (via biliverdin reductase) inside the macrophages...
phycobiliproteins are water-soluble, so they cannot exist within the membrane like carotenoids can. Instead, phycobiliproteins aggregate to form clusters that adhere...
hydroxylase, this enzyme is made up of three components: the membrane-bound oxygenase component and two soluble components called rubredoxin and rubredoxin...
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