A Carnot wall is a type of loop-holed wall built in the ditch of a fort or redoubt. It takes its name from the French mathematician, politician, and military engineer Lazare Carnot. Such walls were introduced into the design of fortifications from the early nineteenth century. As conceived by Carnot, they formed part of an innovative but controversial system of fortification intended to defend against artillery and infantry attack.[1] Carnot walls were employed, together with other elements of Carnot's system, in continental Europe in the years after the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815, especially by the Prussians, other Germans and Austrians.[1][2][3] Their adoption was initially resisted by the French themselves and by the British.[4][5]
A Carnotwall is a type of loop-holed wall built in the ditch of a fort or redoubt. It takes its name from the French mathematician, politician, and military...
Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, Comte Carnot (French pronunciation: [lazaʁ nikɔla maʁɡəʁit kaʁno]; 13 May 1753 – 2 August 1823) was a French mathematician,...
surrounding defensive ditch and wall. The fort was an innovative military structure, incorporating the new feature of a Carnotwall. Its active use as a fort...
(1999). Rao (2004), p. 213. Carnot, S. (1824/1986). Carnot, S. (1824/1986), p. 51. Carnot, S. (1824/1986), p. 46. Carnot, S. (1824/1986), p. 68. Truesdell...
position either projecting into, or traversing the ditch of a fort. Carnotwall: a wall pierced with loopholes, sited above the scarp of a ditch but below...
high-angle fire from mortars and howitzers. Some of Carnot's innovations, such as the Carnotwall, a loopholed wall at the foot of the scarp face of the rampart...
surrounded by a ditch, with a Carnotwall running along its centre, designed to halt attackers attempting to cross the ditch. The wall itself had loopholes for...
an ideal heat engine was described mathematically using the Carnot cycle by Sadi Carnot in 1824. An ideal refrigerator or heat pump can be thought of...
German physicist and mathematician Rudolf Clausius restated Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle and gave to the theory of heat a truer and sounder...
Armstrong Rifled Breech Loading (RBL) guns, and enclosed with a Carnotwall. A rear surrounding wall included a small barrack block for two officers and 57 men...
be able to defeat some features of current fortification, such as the Carnotwall, but that the maximum range of artillery would be unlikely to exceed...
at the Wayback Machine Lloyd, Ernest Marsh (1887). Vauban, Montalembert, Carnot: Engineer Studies. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 114–115. Lloyd 1887, pp...
heat transfer (adiabatic wall), the maximum work would be done. This corresponds to the exergy. Thus, in terms of exergy, Carnot considered the exergy for...
foot of which the detached "Carnotwall" was built, equipped with embrasures for riflemen and close defense. Along this wall, at the level of the moat,...
thermodynamic processes in the period from the first theory of heat engines (Saadi Carnot, France, 1824) to the theory of dissipative structures (Ilya Prigozhin,...
of the parapet wall. The battery was built to a rectangular plan with no wall along the cliff edge, but moats containing Carnotwalls to either side and...
energy in processes in an ideal Carnot engine, entirely in terms of macroscopic thermodynamics. [citation needed] That Carnot engine was to work between two...
appears to have been the victim of cost cutting at the studio following the Wall Street Crash of 1929. He left the studio in February 1930 and returned to...
Joséphine (now Marceau), Kléber, de Saint-Cloud (now Victor-Hugo), Essling (now Carnot), Prince-Jérôme (now Mac-Mahon and Niel) forming with the Champs-Élysées...
Ericsson cycle is an altered version of the Carnot cycle in which the two isentropic processes featured in the Carnot cycle are replaced by two isothermal regeneration...
principle of the refrigeration cycle was described mathematically by Sadi Carnot in 1824 as a heat engine. The most common types of refrigeration systems...
in larger applications, as the storage systems which are based on the "Carnot Battery" concept. Heat flows spontaneously from a region of higher temperature...
and German. From an early time, the French technical term chaleur used by Carnot was taken as equivalent to the English heat and German Wärme (lit. "warmth"...
the 1824 publication of his book Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, Carnot came to understand that the caloric theory of heat was restricted to mere...
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