Caretaker genes encode products that stabilize the genome. Fundamentally, mutations in caretaker genes lead to genomic instability. Tumor cells arise from two distinct classes of genomic instability: mutational instability arising from changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA and chromosomal instability arising from improper rearrangement of chromosomes.[1]
Changes in the genome that allow uncontrolled cell proliferation or cell immortality are responsible for cancer. It is believed that the major changes in the genome that lead to cancer arise from mutations in tumor suppressor genes.[2] In 1997, Kinzler and Bert Vogelstein grouped these cancer susceptibility genes into two classes: "caretakers" and "gatekeepers".[3] In 2004, a third classification of tumor suppressor genes was proposed by Franziska Michor, Yoh Iwasa, and Martin Nowak; "landscaper" genes.
In contrast to caretaker genes, gatekeeper genes encode gene products that act to prevent growth of potential cancer cells and prevent accumulation of mutations that directly lead to increased cellular proliferation.[4][5]
The third classification of genes, the landscapers, encode products that, when mutated, contribute to the neoplastic growth of cells by fostering a stromal environment conducive to unregulated cell proliferation.[6]
^Van Gent, D. C.; Hoeijmakers, J. H.; Kanaar, R (2001). "Chromosomal stability and the DNA double-stranded break connection". Nature Reviews Genetics. 2 (3): 196–206. doi:10.1038/35056049. PMID 11256071. S2CID 5485937.
^Levitt, N. C.; Hickson, I. D. (2002). "Caretaker tumour suppressor genes that defend genome integrity". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 8 (4): 179–86. doi:10.1016/s1471-4914(02)02298-0. PMID 11927276.
^Pearson, P. L.; Van Der Luijt, R. B. (1998). "The genetic analysis of cancer". Journal of Internal Medicine. 243 (6): 413–7. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1998.00343.x. PMID 9681837.
^Frank, S. A. (2003). "Somatic mutation: Early cancer steps depend on tissue architecture". Current Biology. 13 (7): R261–3. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00195-7. PMID 12676101.
^Campisi, J (2005). "Aging, tumor suppression and cancer: High wire-act!". Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 126 (1): 51–8. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2004.09.024. PMID 15610762. S2CID 10987824.
^Michor, F; Iwasa, Y; Nowak, M. A. (2004). "Dynamics of cancer progression". Nature Reviews Cancer. 4 (3): 197–205. doi:10.1038/nrc1295. PMID 14993901. S2CID 10417120.
Caretakergenes encode products that stabilize the genome. Fundamentally, mutations in caretakergenes lead to genomic instability. Tumor cells arise from...
into the following categories: caretakergenes, gatekeeper genes, and more recently landscaper genes. Caretakergenes ensure stability of the genome via...
short-lived governments of Great Britain Caretaker genes, a group of tumour suppressor genesCaretaker (military), a detachment of one or more personnel...
distantly related gene. BRCA1 is a human tumor suppressor gene (also known as a caretakergene) and is responsible for repairing DNA. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are...
other vertebrate species. BRCA2 is a human tumor suppressor gene (specifically, a caretakergene), found in all humans; its protein, also called by the synonym...
encoded by the MSH2 gene, which is located on chromosome 2. MSH2 is a tumor suppressor gene and more specifically a caretakergene that codes for a DNA...
diploid cells acquire mutations in genes responsible for maintaining genome integrity (caretakergenes), as well as in genes that are directly controlling...
role. In 2016, Mays played the part of Aston in Harold Pinter's play The Caretaker directed by Matthew Warchus at The Old Vic Theatre in London opposite...
Jordan, and Danny treat Chris, a man with pancreatic cancer who is the caretaker of his brother Ollie who has a traumatic brain injury. Chris' cancer turns...
John J. Gotti designated Peter as caretaker of the Bergin Hunt and Fish Club, and as a driver for John and Gene. By 1989, Peter was promoted to capo...
That Gene Built". L.A. Weekly. p. 7. Retrieved September 8, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. "Gene Dynarski, 86". Classic Images (541): 41. July 2020. "Gene Dynarski...
(1960), however, Wardle retracted "Comedy of Menace" in his review of The Caretaker, stating: "On the strength of 'The Birthday Party' and the pair of one-acters...
Boer (1939) (caretaker) Péter Szabó (1939) Willi Lindner (1941) (caretaker) Péter Szabó (1942) (caretaker) Willi Balles (1942) (caretaker) Willy Pfeiffer...
and games make her a success, and she quickly becomes the most popular caretaker in the neighborhood. But after she tells her charges that she is a witch...
police on them, and David is arrested for the murder of the mortuary caretaker. Karl drugs Marie and, at David's trial, Karl testifies against David...
molecule and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability to transcribe the gene that the affected DNA encodes. Other lesions induce potentially harmful mutations...
Glover as Jane Vance Johnson as Mr. Johnson Robert Beecher as Caretaker Jody Carter as Caretaker's Wife Emmet Walsh as Gas Station Owner Red Rock West was filmed...
dependent on their caretakers. Since Hunter syndrome is an X-linked recessive disorder, it preferentially affects male patients. The IDS gene is located on...
Leash" and later in an episode titled "The Cheney Vase", as a scheming caretaker and aspiring art thief, opposite Carolyn Jones, Patricia Collinge, and...
recently lost his parents in a car crash, and Ira Grant (Wally Taylor), the caretaker at the orphanage, is worried about him. Bo and Luke help Terry Lee by...
trying unsuccessfully to coerce Sherlock into giving up the name of the caretaker. The Russian hitman is arrested, but does not share any useful information...
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