Monitoring of the concentration of carbon dioxide in respiratory gases
Capnography
Typical capnogram. Normal breath cycle.
Other names
End tidal CO2 (PETCO2)
MeSH
D019296
[edit on Wikidata]
Capnography is the monitoring of the concentration or partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the respiratory gases. Its main development has been as a monitoring tool for use during anesthesia and intensive care. It is usually presented as a graph of CO 2 (measured in kilopascals, "kPa" or millimeters of mercury, "mmHg") plotted against time, or, less commonly, but more usefully, expired volume (known as volumetric capnography). The plot may also show the inspired CO 2, which is of interest when rebreathing systems are being used. When the measurement is taken at the end of a breath (exhaling), it is called "end tidal" CO 2 (PETCO2).[1]
The capnogram is a direct monitor of the inhaled and exhaled concentration or partial pressure of CO 2, and an indirect monitor of the CO 2 partial pressure in the arterial blood. In healthy individuals, the difference between arterial blood and expired gas CO 2 partial pressures is very small (normal difference 4-5 mmHg). In the presence of most forms of lung disease, and some forms of congenital heart disease (the cyanotic lesions) the difference between arterial blood and expired gas increases which can be an indication of new pathology or change in the cardiovascular-ventilation system.[2][3]
^Bhavani-Shankar K, Philip J (October 2000). "Defining segments and phases of a time capnogram". Anesth Analg. 91 (4): 973–977. doi:10.1097/00000539-200010000-00038. PMID 11004059. S2CID 46505268.
^Nunn J, Hill D (May 1960). "Respiratory dead space and arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide tension difference in anesthetized man". J Appl Physiol. 15: 383–389. doi:10.1152/jappl.1960.15.3.383. PMID 14427915.
^Williams E, Dassios T, Greenough A (October 2021). "Carbon dioxide monitoring in the newborn". Pediatr Pulmonol. 56 (10): 3148–3156. doi:10.1002/ppul.25605. PMID 34365738. S2CID 236960627.
Capnography is the monitoring of the concentration or partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the respiratory gases. Its main development has been...
Colorimetric capnography is a qualitative measurement method that detects the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2, a relatively acidic gas) in a given gaseous...
care. Masimo began offering ultra-compact mainstream and sidestream capnography as well as multigas analyzers for end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous...
subzero temperatures of saline or hypersaline media. In colorimetric capnography, the indicator is incorporated in an aqueous matrix that provides a pH...
may be required, which may include ECG monitoring, oxygen saturation, capnography and arterial blood pressure monitoring.[citation needed] "Tracheitis"...
the circuit to achieve a given pressure during mechanical ventilation. Capnography measures the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled by the patient in percent...
Editorial, Anaesthesia UK (3 April 2006). "Anaesthesia UK : Measurement of pO2, pCO2, pH, pulse oximetry and capnography". Anaesthesia UK. v t e v t e...
respiratory rate are commonly used, including impedance pneumography, and capnography which are commonly implemented in patient monitoring. In addition, novel...
index (IPI) is a patient pulmonary index which uses information from capnography and pulse oximetry to provide a single value that describes the patient's...
that were nonexistent in the day of Gray and Halton: pulse oximetry, capnography, peripheral nerve stimulation, noninvasive blood pressure monitoring...
includes heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, body temperature Capnography to confirm correct position of an endotracheal tube in mechanically ventilated...
units often have specialized monitoring parameters such as waveform capnography, invasive BP, and, in some monitors, Masimo Rainbow SET pulse oximetry...
status classification system Baricity Bispectral index Body mass index Capnography Entropy monitoring Fick principle Goldman index Guedel's classification...
Ravishankar, M. "Anesthesia breathing machines: an in-depth review". www.capnography.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013...
dissolved gasesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Capnography – Monitoring of the concentration of carbon dioxide in respiratory gases...
confirming tracheal tube placement will be a measuring instrument. Waveform capnography has emerged as the gold standard for the confirmation of tube placement...
specific circumstances Cardiac auscultation Autonomous thrombolysis Capnography Cranial nerve and neurological examination In some parts of the country...
Physicians receive results at the end of the test. "Physics of capnography". Capnography.com. Retrieved 2013-11-08. Ehrenwerth, Jan M.D., and James B....
status classification system Baricity Bispectral index Body mass index Capnography Entropy monitoring Fick principle Goldman index Guedel's classification...
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