Junior scientific degree in Soviet Union and post-Soviet countries
Cover of a Soviet Candidate of Sciences diploma
A Candidate of Sciences or Candidate of Science (Russian: кандидат наук, romanized: kandidat nauk, Ukrainian: кандидат наук, romanized: kandydat nauk, Belarusian: кандыдат навук, romanized: kandydat navuk) is the first of two doctoral level scientific degrees in Russia and some of the Commonwealth of Independent States and was the first of two doctoral level degrees in some other countries (Czechia, Slovakia, Ukraine, etc.). It is formally classified as UNESCO's ISCED level 8, "doctoral or equivalent." It may be recognized as a Doctor of Philosophy, usually in natural sciences, by scientific institutions in other countries.[1][2] Former Soviet countries also have a more advanced degree, Doctor of Sciences.
^UNESCO. Revision of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)(PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-11. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
^Kouptsov, Oleg. Mutual Recognition of Qualification: The Russian Federation and The Other European Countries(PDF). UNESCO. p. 97. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-01. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
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