SEM image of a campanile probe.[1]SEM image of a campanile probe.[1]False-color SEM image of the Campanile near-field probe fabricated on the edge of an optical fiber using nanoimprint. [2]Comparison of photoluminescence maps recorded from a molybdenum disulfide flake using a campanile probe (top) and conventional confocal microscopy (bottom). Scale bars: 1 μm.[1]
In near-field scanning optical microscopy the campanile probe is a tapered optical probe with a shape of a campanile (a square pyramid). It is made of an optically transparent dielectric, typically silica, and its two facets are coated with a metal, typically gold. At the probe tip, the metal-coated facets are separated by a gap of a few tens of nanometers, which determines the spatial resolution of the probe. Such a probe design allows collecting optical signals, usually photoluminescence (PL) or Raman scattering, with a subwavelength resolution, breaking the diffraction limit.[1][3]
The campanile probe is attached to an optical fiber, which both provides a laser excitation of the studied sample and collects the measured signal. The probe is rastered over the sample with a standard scanning probe microscopy scanner, keeping the distance to the sample surface at a few nanometers.[1] Contrary to the traditional (circular) near-field probes, the campanile probe has no cut-off frequency and is insensitive to the spatial mode of the optical near field. Hence its application is not limited to thin-film samples.[3] Another advantage of the campanile probe is a high signal collection efficiency, which exceeds 90%.[4]
Campanile probes are typically fabricated as follows: a standard cylindrical single-mode optical fiber is etched with hydrofluoric acid to create a conical tip with a radius of ca. 100 nm. Then a square pyramid is carved on the tip using focused ion beam (FIB) milling, and its two facets are coated with a metal by shadow evaporation. A nanometer gap is then opened on the tip by FIB.[3] Alternative fabrication method uses nanoimprint lithography to replicate campanile pyramid from a mold. This approach significantly increases fabrication speed.[2]
^ abcdeCite error: The named reference r1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCalafiore, Giuseppe; Koshelev, Alexander; Darlington, Thomas P.; Borys, Nicholas J.; Melli, Mauro; Polyakov, Aleksandr; Cantarella, Giuseppe; Allen, Frances I.; Lum, Paul (2017-05-10). "Campanile Near-Field Probes Fabricated by Nanoimprint Lithography on the Facet of an Optical Fiber". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 1651. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.1651C. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01871-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5431761. PMID 28490793.
^ abcCite error: The named reference r2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference r3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
near-field scanning optical microscopy the campanileprobe is a tapered optical probe with a shape of a campanile (a square pyramid). It is made of an optically...
Cantarella, Giuseppe; Allen, Frances I.; Lum, Paul (2017-05-10). "Campanile Near-Field Probes Fabricated by Nanoimprint Lithography on the Facet of an Optical...
that he was chosen by the Commune of Florence in 1334 to design the new campanile (bell tower) of the Florence Cathedral are among the few certainties about...
Retrieved February 15, 2015. Campanile, Carl (January 7, 2015). "Sheldon Silver Elected to 11th Term as Speaker, Despite Probe". New York Post. Retrieved...
Nazionale on whose instigation he killed a young left wing militant, Alceste Campanile, in 1975. In 1999, he confessed to this killing adding that he had also...
original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved December 27, 2022. Nava, Victor; Campanile, Carl (December 26, 2022). "Liar Rep.-elect George Santos admits fabricating...
Buffalo". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-04-05. Carl Campanile; Bruce Golding (2015-09-18). "The Cuomo administration has a big headache...
is also set back from all sides. The roof of Steinway Hall contains a campanile with a pyramidal copper roof and lantern, similar to the Mausoleum at...
institutions. At Trinity College Dublin, an all-male society, Knights of the Campanile, was implicated in a hazing incident in 2019, where initiates were required...
tormented settles for $850K". New York Post. Retrieved October 23, 2023. Campanile, Carl (June 22, 2023). "NYC councilman Justin Brannan slapped with ethics...
Retrieved January 25, 2015. Campanile, Carl (January 7, 2015). "Sheldon Silver elected to 11th term as speaker, despite probe". New York Post. Retrieved...
law violations". New York Post. NYP Holdings. Retrieved April 30, 2021. Campanile, Carl (February 2, 2021). "Taxi advocate Fernando Mateo launches bid for...
Charles Rangel makes 'most corrupt' list – again!". New York Daily News. Campanile, Carl (September 3, 2009). "Charlie ups the race-card ante". New York...
Prize for Literature. What was your crime?" Pasternak's post-Zhivago poetry probes the universal questions of love, immortality, and reconciliation with God...
"Photomontages show that from some parts of the meadow the view of the St Barnabas campanile will be obscured with the long unrelieved roof line cutting across in...
they don't like or for comments that they don't like" as fake news. Guy Campanile, also a 60 Minutes producer said, "What we are talking about are stories...
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