This article is about an optical device. For other uses, see Camera obscura (disambiguation).
Illustration of the camera obscura principle from James Ayscough's A short account of the eye and nature of vision (1755 fourth edition)An image of the New Royal Palace at Prague Castle projected onto an attic wall by a hole in the tile roofing
A camera obscura (pl. camerae obscurae or camera obscuras; from Latin camera obscūra 'dark chamber')[1] is a darkened room with a small hole or lens at one side through which an image is projected onto a wall[2][3] or table[4] opposite the hole.[2][3] The image (or the principle of its projection) of lensless camera obscuras is also referred to as "pinhole image".[5][6]
Camera obscura can also refer to analogous constructions such as a box or tent in which an exterior image is projected inside. Camera obscuras with a lens in the opening have been used since the second half of the 16th century and became popular as aids for drawing and painting. The concept was developed further into the photographic camera in the first half of the 19th century, when camera obscura boxes were used to expose light-sensitive materials to the projected image.
The camera obscura was used to study eclipses without the risk of damaging the eyes by looking directly into the Sun. As a drawing aid, it allowed tracing the projected image to produce a highly accurate representation, and was especially appreciated as an easy way to achieve proper graphical perspective.
Before the term camera obscura was first used in 1604, other terms were used to refer to the devices: cubiculum obscurum, cubiculum tenebricosum, conclave obscurum, and locus obscurus.[7]
A camera obscura without a lens but with a very small hole is sometimes referred to as a pinhole camera, although this more often refers to simple (homemade) lensless cameras where photographic film or photographic paper is used.
^"Introduction to the Camera Obscura". National Science and Media Museum. 28 January 2011. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
^ abKeener, Katherine (2 March 2020). "A Lesson on the Camera Obscura". Art Critique. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
^ abKeats, Jonathon (20 June 2021). "Prior To Demolition, These LACMA Galleries Took Selfies With A Little Help From The Pinhole Photographer Vera Lutter". Forbes. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
^"Table camera obscura, 19th century". SSPL Prints. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
^Horenstein, Henry (1989). The Photographer's Source: A Complete Catalogue. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-64591-5. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
^Waldman, Gary (1 January 2002). Introduction to Light: The Physics of Light, Vision, and Color. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-42118-6. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
^Phelps Gage, Henry (1914). Optic projection, principles, installation, and use of the magic lantern, projection microscope, reflecting lantern, moving picture machine. Comstock Publishing Company. obscurum cubiculum.
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