This article is about the Book of Isaiah. For the Jewish prophet, see Isaiah.
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The Book of Isaiah (Hebrew: ספר ישעיהו[ˈsɛ.fɛrjə.ʃaʕ.ˈjaː.hu]) is the first of the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible and the first of the Major Prophets in the Christian Old Testament.[1] It is identified by a superscription as the words of the 8th-century BCE prophet Isaiah ben Amoz, but there is evidence that much of it was composed during the Babylonian captivity and later.[2] Johann Christoph Döderlein suggested in 1775 that the book contained the works of two prophets separated by more than a century,[3] and Bernhard Duhm originated the view, held as a consensus through most of the 20th century, that the book comprises three separate collections of oracles:[4][5]Proto-Isaiah (chapters 1–39), containing the words of the 8th-century BC prophet Isaiah; Deutero-Isaiah, or "the Book of Consolation",[6] (chapters 40–55), the work of an anonymous 6th-century BCE author writing during the Exile; and Trito-Isaiah (chapters 56–66), composed after the return from Exile.[7] Isaiah 1–33 promises judgment and restoration for Judah, Jerusalem and the nations, and chapters 34–66 presume that judgment has been pronounced and restoration follows soon.[8] While few scholars today attribute the entire book, or even most of it, to one person,[4] the book's essential unity has become a focus in more recent research.[9]
The book can be read as an extended meditation on the destiny of Jerusalem into and after the Exile.[10] The Deutero-Isaian part of the book describes how God will make Jerusalem the centre of his worldwide rule through a royal saviour (a messiah) who will destroy the oppressor (Babylon); this messiah is the Persian king Cyrus the Great, who is merely the agent who brings about Yahweh's kingship.[11] Isaiah speaks out against corrupt leaders and for the disadvantaged, and roots righteousness in God's holiness rather than in Israel's covenant.[12]
Isaiah was one of the most popular works among Jews in the Second Temple period (c. 515 BCE – 70 CE).[13] In Christian circles, it was held in such high regard as to be called "the Fifth Gospel",[14] and its influence extends beyond Christianity to English literature and to Western culture in general, from the libretto of Handel's Messiah to a host of such everyday phrases as "swords into ploughshares" and "voice in the wilderness".[14]
^Cate 1990b, p. 413.
^Sweeney 1998, pp. 75–76.
^Clifford 1992, p. 473.
^ abPetersen 2002, pp. 47–48.
^Sweeney 1998, pp. 76–77.
^Catholic Book Publishing Corporation (2019), New Catholic Bible: Footnote a at Isaiah 40:1, accessed 3 December 2023
The BookofIsaiah (Hebrew: ספר ישעיהו [ˈsɛ.fɛr jə.ʃaʕ.ˈjaː.hu]) is the first of the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible and the first of the Major Prophets...
Isaiah 53 is the fifty-third chapter of the BookofIsaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies...
The seven gifts of the Holy Spirit are an enumeration of seven spiritual gifts first found in the bookofIsaiah, and much commented upon by patristic...
James Version of the Bible in Isaiah and before that in the Vulgate (the late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible), not as the name of a devil but...
side of the turn of the era. The author's prime literary source was the Septuagint, in particular the Wisdom literature and the BookofIsaiah, and he...
angelology and in the fifth rank of ten in the Jewish angelic hierarchy. A seminal passage in the BookofIsaiah (Isaiah 6:1–8) used the term to describe...
the entire BookofIsaiah from beginning to end, apart from a few small damaged portions. It is the oldest complete copy of the BookofIsaiah, being approximately...
pneúmata tou theoú) are mentioned four times in the Bookof Revelation, and in the BookofIsaiah it names each Spirit. Revelation 1:4: John to the seven...
referenced in several books of the Hebrew Bible, including Psalms, the Bookof Job, the BookofIsaiah, and the pseudepigraphical Bookof Enoch. The Leviathan...
Sir Isaiah Berlin OM CBE FBA (24 May/6 June 1909 – 5 November 1997) was a Russian-British social and political theorist, philosopher, and historian of ideas...
Isaiah 14 is the fourteenth chapter of the BookofIsaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies...
mentioned in the BookofIsaiah in the Tanakh. The term translated as "fiery serpent", saraph, appears elsewhere in the BookofIsaiah to signify the seraphim...
Isaiah 41 is the forty-first chapter of the BookofIsaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible and the second chapter of the...
from which the name Lillith is taken is in the Biblical Hebrew, in the BookofIsaiah, though Lillith herself is not mentioned in any biblical text. In late...
(Writings). The Bookof Jeremiah, BookofIsaiah, and the Bookof Ezekiel are included among the Nevi'im. The Bookof Lamentations and the Bookof Daniel are...
Isaiah 6 is the sixth chapter of the BookofIsaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies...
that the BookofIsaiah has multiple authors and that 2 Corinthians is two letters joined. The Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, is the collection of scriptures...
Isaiah 34 is the thirty-fourth chapter of the BookofIsaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies...
particularly apparent in comparing Zechariah to Third Isaiah (chapters 55–66 of the BookofIsaiah), whose author was active sometime after the first return...
Isaiah 45 is the forty-fifth chapter of the BookofIsaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies...
few of these citations are actual predictions in context; the majority of these quotations and references are taken from the prophetic BookofIsaiah, but...