Black Widow Pulsar information

Black Widow Pulsar
	; The blue and green are optical images of the field in which the black widow pulsar is found, the green indicating the H-alpha bow shock. The red and white are the colors of the shock structures discovered in x-ray by the Chandra X-ray Observatory.
Observation data; Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000
Constellation	Sagitta
Right ascension	19h 59m 36.77s
Declination	+20° 48′ 15.12″
Apparent magnitude (V)	20.4
Details
Rotation	1.60734 ms
Other designations
	QX Sge, PSR J1959+2048, PSR B1957+20
Database references
SIMBAD	data

The Black Widow Pulsar (PSR B1957+20) is an eclipsing binary millisecond pulsar in the Milky Way. Discovered in 1988, it is located roughly 6,500 light-years (2,000 parsecs) away from Earth. It orbits with a brown dwarf or Super-Jupiter companion with a period of 9.2 hours with an eclipse duration of approximately 20 minutes. When it was discovered, it was the first such pulsar known.^[1] The prevailing theoretical explanation for the system implied that the companion is being destroyed by the strong powerful outflows, or winds, of high-energy particles caused by the neutron star; thus, the sobriquet black widow was applied to the object. Subsequent to this, other objects with similar features have been discovered, and the name has been applied to the class of millisecond pulsars with an ablating companion, as of February 2023 around 41 black widows are known to exist.^[2]^[3]

A visual band light curve for QX Sagittae, adapted from van Paradijs *et al.* (1988)^[4] The light from a nearby star of similar brightness is included, and at the curve's minimum all light comes from that star.

Later observations of the object showed a bow shock in H-alpha and a smaller-in-extent shock seen in X-rays (as observed by the Chandra X-ray Observatory), indicating a forward velocity of approximately a million kilometers per hour.^[5]

In 2010, it was estimated that the neutron star's mass was at least $1.66M_{\odot }$ and possibly as high as $2.4M_{\odot }$ (the latter of which, if true, would surpass PSR J0740+6620 for the title of most massive neutron star yet detected and place it within range of the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit).^[6] In January 2023 the upper limit was revised down to $1.8M_{\odot }$ ^[7]^[8]

^ Fruchter, A. S.; Stinebring, D. R.; Taylor, J. H. (May 19, 1988). "A millisecond pulsar in an eclipsing binary". Nature. 333 (6170): 237–9. Bibcode:1988Natur.333..237F. doi:10.1038/333237a0. S2CID 4337525.
^ Swihart, Samuel J.; Strader, Jay; Chomiuk, Laura; Aydi, Elias; Sokolovsky, Kirill V.; Ray, Paul S.; Kerr, Matthew (December 1, 2022). "A New Flaring Black Widow Candidate and Demographics of Black Widow Millisecond Pulsars in the Galactic Field". The Astrophysical Journal. 941 (2): 199. arXiv:2210.16295. Bibcode:2022ApJ...941..199S. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca2ac. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 253224234.
^ Cassese, Ben (February 17, 2023). "A New Spider Joins a Deadly Club". AAS Nova. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
^ Cite error: The named reference Paradijs was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Chandra Digest (February 27, 2003). "B1957+20: A Cocoon Found Inside the Black Widow's Web". Chandra X-Ray Observatory. Retrieved June 4, 2022.
^ Van Kerkwijk, M. H.; Breton, R. P.; Kulkarni, S. R. (2011). "Evidence for a Massive Neutron Star from a Radial-Velocity Study of the Companion to the Black-Widow Pulsar Psr B1957+20". The Astrophysical Journal. 728 (2): 95. arXiv:1009.5427. Bibcode:2011ApJ...728...95V. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/728/2/95. S2CID 37759376.
^ Clark, C. J.; Kerr, M.; Barr, E. D.; Bhattacharyya, B.; Breton, R. P.; Bruel, P.; Camilo, F.; Chen, W.; Cognard, I.; Cromartie, H. T.; Deneva, J.; Dhillon, V. S.; Guillemot, L.; Kennedy, M. R.; Kramer, M. (January 26, 2023). "Neutron star mass estimates from gamma-ray eclipses in spider millisecond pulsar binaries". Nature Astronomy. 7 (4): 451–462. arXiv:2301.10995. Bibcode:2023NatAs...7..451C. doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01874-x. ISSN 2397-3366. PMC 10119022. PMID 37096051. S2CID 256274563.
^ "Gamma-ray eclipses shed new light on spider pulsars". www.aei.mpg.de. Retrieved January 27, 2023.

[1] Fruchter, A. S.; Stinebring, D. R.; Taylor, J. H. (May 19, 1988). "A millisecond pulsar in an eclipsing binary". Nature. 333 (6170): 237–9. Bibcode:1988Natur.333..237F. doi:10.1038/333237a0. S2CID 4337525.

[2] Swihart, Samuel J.; Strader, Jay; Chomiuk, Laura; Aydi, Elias; Sokolovsky, Kirill V.; Ray, Paul S.; Kerr, Matthew (December 1, 2022). "A New Flaring Black Widow Candidate and Demographics of Black Widow Millisecond Pulsars in the Galactic Field". The Astrophysical Journal. 941 (2): 199. arXiv:2210.16295. Bibcode:2022ApJ...941..199S. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aca2ac. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 253224234.

[3] Cassese, Ben (February 17, 2023). "A New Spider Joins a Deadly Club". AAS Nova. Retrieved February 18, 2023.

[Paradijs-4] Cite error: The named reference Paradijs was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[5] Chandra Digest (February 27, 2003). "B1957+20: A Cocoon Found Inside the Black Widow's Web". Chandra X-Ray Observatory. Retrieved June 4, 2022.

[6] Van Kerkwijk, M. H.; Breton, R. P.; Kulkarni, S. R. (2011). "Evidence for a Massive Neutron Star from a Radial-Velocity Study of the Companion to the Black-Widow Pulsar Psr B1957+20". The Astrophysical Journal. 728 (2): 95. arXiv:1009.5427. Bibcode:2011ApJ...728...95V. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/728/2/95. S2CID 37759376.

[7] Clark, C. J.; Kerr, M.; Barr, E. D.; Bhattacharyya, B.; Breton, R. P.; Bruel, P.; Camilo, F.; Chen, W.; Cognard, I.; Cromartie, H. T.; Deneva, J.; Dhillon, V. S.; Guillemot, L.; Kennedy, M. R.; Kramer, M. (January 26, 2023). "Neutron star mass estimates from gamma-ray eclipses in spider millisecond pulsar binaries". Nature Astronomy. 7 (4): 451–462. arXiv:2301.10995. Bibcode:2023NatAs...7..451C. doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01874-x. ISSN 2397-3366. PMC 10119022. PMID 37096051. S2CID 256274563.

[8] "Gamma-ray eclipses shed new light on spider pulsars". www.aei.mpg.de. Retrieved January 27, 2023.

Black Widow Pulsar information

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Observation data Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000
The blue and green are optical images of the field in which the black widow pulsar is found, the green indicating the H-alpha bow shock. The red and white are the colors of the shock structures discovered in x-ray by the Chandra X-ray Observatory.
Constellation	Sagitta
Right ascension	19^h 59^m 36.77^s
Declination	+20° 48′ 15.12″
Apparent magnitude (V)	20.4
Details

Rotation	1.60734 ms

Other designations
QX Sge, PSR J1959+2048, PSR B1957+20
Database references
SIMBAD	data