Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization
Author
Martin Bernal
Country
United States
Language
English
Subject
Ancient Greece
Publisher
Rutgers University Press
Publication date
1987
Media type
Print
ISBN
978-0-8135-1277-8
The three-volume Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, published in 1987 (vol. 1), 1991 (vol. 2), and 2006 (vol. 3) respectively, is a controversial book by Martin Bernal proposing an alternative hypothesis on the origins of ancient Greece and classical civilisation. Bernal's thesis discusses the perception of ancient Greece in relation to Greece's North African and West Asian neighbours, especially the ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians who, he believes, colonized ancient Greece. Bernal proposes that a change in the Western perception of Greece took place from the 18th century onward and that this change fostered a subsequent denial by Western academia of any significant Egyptian and Phoenician influence on ancient Greek civilization.
Black Athena has been heavily criticised by academics. They often highlight the fact that there is no archaeological or historical evidence whatsoever for ancient Egyptian colonies in mainland Greece or the Aegean Islands. Academic reviews of Bernal's work generally reject his heavy reliance on ancient Greek mythology, speculative assertions, and handling of archaeological, linguistic, and historical data, though some scholars highlight his important work in shifting the paradigm on how we study ancient Greece,[1] as well as on the ways in which ancient Greece is often treated as "Western," without recognition of its significant relationships with the ancient Near East and Egypt, and its divergences from the contemporary Western world..
^van Binsbergen, Wim (2011). Black Athena Comes of Age: Towards a Constructive Re-Assessment. Lit Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8258-4808-8.
The three-volume BlackAthena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, published in 1987 (vol. 1), 1991 (vol. 2), and 2006 (vol. 3) respectively...
rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. Athena or Athene, often given the epithet Pallas, is an ancient Greek goddess associated...
wider audience through her criticism of the claims of Martin Bernal in BlackAthena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization in her book Not Out...
Eastern Studies at Cornell University. He is best known for his work BlackAthena, a controversial work which argues that the culture, language, and political...
might have had black blood. In 1974, Diop described Ahmose-Nefertari as "typically negroid.": 17 In the controversial book BlackAthena, the hypotheses...
Nussbaum, Alan (1996). Lefkowitz, Mary R.; Rogers Maclean, Guy (eds.). BlackAthena Revisited. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 193. ISBN 0807845558...
Paglia in Glittering Images and not even mentioned by Mary Lefkowitz in BlackAthena Revisited. They both say the term refers to young women worshipping Artemis...
Journal of Physical Anthropology 87: 345–54, 1992. Shomarka O. Y. Keita, "BlackAthena: race, Bernal and Snowden." Arethusa 26: 295–314, 1993. Bernard Lewis...
1987 video game Psycho Soldier. An esper, Athena is a descendant of Princess Athena from the earlier Athena game. She later appears in The King of Fighters...
whether or not these structures are actually older than Egypt, part of the BlackAthena controversy. Lefkowitz criticised this research, suggesting that some...
Sojourn. Quest Books. p. 128. ISBN 9780835607124. Bernal, Martin (1987). BlackAthena: The linguistic evidence. Rutgers University Press. p. 468. ISBN 9780813536552...
source of Afrocentrism and of the kind of black history found in such popular books as Martin Bernal's BlackAthena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization...
Philadelphia Inquirer. Lefkowitz, Mary R; Rogers, Guy Maclean (1996). BlackAthena Revisited. UNC Press Books. p. 162. ISBN 9780807845554. Retrieved May...
list (link) Yurco, Frank (1996). "An Egyptological Review". (1996). BlackAthena revisited. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 62–100...
l. pp. 1–30. ISBN 978-9953-0-1849-2. Bernal, M.; Moore, D.C. (2001). BlackAthena Writes Back: Martin Bernal Responds to His Critics. History / Classics...
Historical Sketches of Afrocentrism In 1987, Martin Bernal published his BlackAthena, in which he claims that ancient Greece was colonized by northern invaders...
ISBN 92-3-101605-9. Lefkowitz, Mary R; Rogers, Guy Maclean (1996). BlackAthena Revisited. UNC Press Books. p. 162. ISBN 9780807845554. Retrieved 2016-05-28...
306.5702.1680c. PMID 15576591. S2CID 8057990. Bernal, Martin (1987). BlackAthena: The linguistic evidence. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3655-2...
October 2022. Young, Robert J.C. "BlackAthena, and Colonial Discourse Robert J.C. · PDF fileEgypt in America : BlackAthena, Racism and Colonial Discourse...
Athena Kugblenu (/kəˈblɛnjuː/; born 14 November 1981) is a British stand-up comedian and writer. Kugblenu describes herself as mixed-race: half Indo-Guyanese...
Republic.. Reprinted with revisions as part of the essay collection BlackAthena Revisited, 1996 Lefkowitz, Mary (1997). "Not Out Of Africa: How ""Afrocentrism""...
Yurco, Frank (2014). "BlackAthena: An Egyptological Review". In Lefkowitz, Mary; Rogers, Guy Maclean (eds.). BlackAthena Revisited. Chapel Hill: University...
Monitor Anti-Semitism, Hannah Rosenthal Heresy in the University: The BlackAthena Controversy and the Responsibilities of American Intellectuals (1999...
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