Bioremediation of petroleum contaminated environments is a process in which the biological pathways within microorganisms or plants are used to degrade or sequester toxic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other volatile organic compounds found within fossil fuels. Oil spills happen frequently at varying degrees along with all aspects of the petroleum supply chain, presenting a complex array of issues for both environmental and public health.[1] While traditional cleanup methods such as chemical or manual containment and removal often result in rapid results, bioremediation is less labor-intensive, expensive, and averts chemical or mechanical damage.[2][3] The efficiency and effectiveness of bioremediation efforts are based on maintaining ideal conditions, such as pH, RED-OX potential, temperature, moisture, oxygen abundance, nutrient availability, soil composition, and pollutant structure, for the desired organism or biological pathway to facilitate reactions.[4] Three main types of bioremediation used for petroleum spills include microbial remediation, phytoremediation, and mycoremediation. Bioremediation has been implemented in various notable oil spills including the 1989 Exxon Valdez incident where the application of fertilizer on affected shoreline increased rates of biodegradation.[5]
^McGill, W.B. (1977-04-01). "Soil Restoration Following Oil Spills - A Review". Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology. 16 (2): 07. Bibcode:1977BCaPG..16.0207M. doi:10.2118/77-02-07. ISSN 0021-9487.
^Walls, W.D. (May 2010). "Petroleum refining industry in China". Energy Policy. 38 (5): 2110–2115. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.06.002. ISSN 0301-4215.
^YANG, Si-Zhong; JIN, Hui-Jun; WEI, Zhi; HE, Rui-Xia; JI, Yan-Jun; LI, Xiu-Mei; YU, Shao-Peng (June 2009). "Bioremediation of Oil Spills in Cold Environments: A Review". Pedosphere. 19 (3): 371–381. doi:10.1016/s1002-0160(09)60128-4. ISSN 1002-0160.
^( Council, National Research (1969-12-31). In Situ Bioremediation: When Does it Work?. doi:10.17226/2131.ISBN 9780309048965.
^Atlas, Ronald M.; Hazen, Terry C. (2011-08-15). "Oil Biodegradation and Bioremediation: A Tale of the Two Worst Spills in U.S. History". Environmental Science & Technology. 45 (16): 6709–6715. Bibcode:2011EnST...45.6709A. doi:10.1021/es2013227. ISSN 0013-936X. PMC 3155281. PMID 21699212.
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