Battle of Surabaya information

Battle of Surabaya
	Part of the Indonesian National Revolution
	; A British Indian soldier uses a knocked-out, Indonesian nationalist militia-modified Universal Carrier as defensive cover against enemy gunfire in a main street in the East Javan city of Surabaya, in November 1945.
Date	27 October – 20 November 1945; (3 weeks and 3 days)
Location	Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia07°15′35″S 112°44′23″E / 7.25972°S 112.73972°E
Result	British victory
Territorial; changes	British military forces successfully occupy Surabaya until November 1946
Belligerents
Indonesia	United Kingdom British Raj;
Commanders and leaders
Sutomo; Soengkono [id]; Moestopo; Muhammad Mangundiprojo; Muhammad Yasin; Hario Jonosewojo [id];	A.W.S. Mallaby †; Robert Mansergh;
Units involved
Indonesian People's Revolutionary Front; Tokubetsu Keisatsutai; People's Security Army;	5th Indian Infantry Division; 23rd Indian Infantry Division; 49th Indian Infantry Brigade;
Strength
20,000 Infantry troops; 150,000 Youth volunteers;	30,000
Casualties and losses
6,300–15,000 dead; 20,000 wounded	295–2,000 dead; 210 wounded

The Battle of Surabaya was fought between regular infantry and militia of the Indonesian nationalist movement and British and British Indian troops as a part of the Indonesian National Revolution against the re-imposition of Dutch colonial rule. The peak of the battle was in November 1945. The battle was the largest single battle of the revolution and became a national symbol of Indonesian resistance.^[2] Considered a heroic effort by Indonesians, the battle helped galvanise Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence. 10 November is celebrated annually as Heroes' Day (Hari Pahlawan).

By the time the Allied forces arrived at the end of October 1945, the Pemuda ("youth") foothold in Surabaya City was described as "a strong unified fortress".^[5] Fighting broke out on 30 October after the British commander, Brigadier A. W. S. Mallaby was killed in a skirmish.^[5] The British retaliated with a co-ordinated sweep that began on 10 November, under the cover of air attacks. Although the colonial forces largely captured the city in three days, the poorly armed Republicans fought for three weeks, and thousands died as the population fled to the countryside.

Despite the military defeat suffered by the Republicans and a loss of manpower and weaponry that would severely hamper Republican forces for the rest of the revolution, the battle and defence mounted by the Indonesians galvanised the nation in support of independence and helped garner international attention.

For the Dutch, it removed any doubt that the Republic was not simply a gang of collaborators without popular support. It also had the effect of convincing Britain that wisdom lay on the side of neutrality in the revolution; within a few years, in fact, Britain would support the Republican cause in the United Nations.^[2]

^ ^a ^b ^c Indonesian Heritage.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ricklefs, p. 217.
^ Vickers, p. 98.
^ Woodburn Kirby, p. 336.
^ ^a ^b Parrott.

[FOOTNOTEIndonesian_Heritage-1] Indonesian Heritage.

[FOOTNOTERicklefs217-2] Ricklefs, p. 217.

[FOOTNOTEVickers98-3] Vickers, p. 98.

[FOOTNOTEWoodburn_Kirby336-4] Woodburn Kirby, p. 336.

[FOOTNOTEParrott-5] Parrott.

Battle of Surabaya information

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